A) will B) shall C) should D) wouldPassage7Segregation was an________by white Southerners to separate the races in every sphere of life and to achieve supremacy over blacks. Segregation was often called the Jim Crow system, after a character from the 1830s who was an old, crippled, black slave who embodied________________stereotypes of blacks. Segregation became________inSouthern states following the end of Reconstruction in 1877. During Reconstruction, which followed Civil War (1861 - 1865), Republican governments in the Southern states were________by blacks, Northerners, and some sympathetic Southerners. The reconstruction governments had________laws opening up economic and political________for blacks. By 1877 the Democratic Party had gained control of government in the Southern states, and these Southern Democrats wanted to________black advances made during Reconstruction.________, they began to pass local and state laws that specified certain places " For Whites Only" and others for "Colored. " Blacks had________schools, transportation, restaurants, and parks, many of which were poorly funded and inferior to________of whites. Over the next 75 years, Jim Crow signs went up to separate the races in every________place.Passage 3The thousands of people forced to abandon their homes in recent weeks to floodwaters are victims not just of nature but of human error as well. Years of mismanagement of the vast Mississippi River ecosystem --- the continuous and often inadvisable construction oflevees(堤坝) andnavigation(导航) channels, the paving over of wetlands, the commercial development of flood plains --- have made the damage worse than it might otherwise have been.The Obama administration is now completing an inspection of the guidelines governing dams, levees and other water-related projects built with federal money.Historically, projects had been shaped by two main factors: the Army Corps of Engineers’ conviction that nature can be subdued by levees and dams, and its reflexive green-lighting of any flood control project that encouraged commercial or agricultural development. The new rules, Congress said, should require the Corps and other federal agencies to give equal weight to less easily measurable benefits like wildlife habitat and to “nonstructural” solutions to flood control like preserving wetlands, flood plains and other “natural systems.”The system of segregation also included the________of voting rights, known as disfranchisement. Between 1890 and 1910 all Southern states passed laws________requirements for voting that were used to prevent blacks from voting,________the 15th Amendment to the Constitution of theUnited States, which had been designed to protect black voting rights. These requirements included: the ability to read and write, which disqualified the many blacks who had not had the________to education; property ownership, something few blacks were able to acquire; and paying a poll tax (人头税) , which was too great a________on most Southern blacks, who were very poor.Because blacks could not vote, they were________powerless to prevent whites from segregating all aspects of Southern life. They could do little to stop________inpublic accommodations, education, economic opportunities, or housing. The ability to struggle for equality was even undermined by the________Jim Crow signs, which constantly reminded blacks of their________status in Southern society.

I'll admit I've never quite understood the obsession(难以破除的成见)surrounding genetically modified (GM) crops. To environmentalist opponents, GM foods are simply evil, an understudied, possibly harmful tool used by big agricultural businesses to control global seed markets and crush local farmers. They argue that GM foods have never delivered on their supposed promise, that money spent on GM crops would be better channeled to organic farming and that consumers should be protected with warning labels on any products that contain genetically modified ingredients. To supporters, GM crops are a key part of the effort to sustainably provide food to meet a growing global population. But more than that, supporters see the GM opposition of many environmentalists as fundamentally anti-science, no different than those who question the basics of man-made climate change.For both sides, GM foods seem to act as a symbol: you're pro-agricultural business or anti-science. But science is exactly what we need more of when it comes to GM foods, which is why I was happy to see Nature devote a special series of articles to the GM food controversy. The conclusion: while GM crops haven't yet realized their initial promise and have been dominated by agricultural businesses, there is reason to continue to use and develop them to help meet the enormous challenge of sustainably feeding a growing planet.That doesn't mean GM crops are perfect, or a one-size-fits-all solution to global agriculture problems. But anything that can increase farming efficiency—the amount of crops we can produce per acre of land—will be extremely useful. GM crops can and almost certainly will be part of that suite of tools' but so will traditional plant breeding, improved soil and crop management—and perhaps most important of all, better storage and transport infrastructure(基础设施), especially in the developing world. (It doesn't do much good for farmers in places like sub-Saharan Africa to produce more food if they can't get it to hungry consumers. ) I'd like to see more non-industry research done on GM crops—not just because we'd worry less about bias, but also because seed companies like Monsanto and Pioneer shouldn't be the only entities working to harness genetic modification. I'd like to see GM research on less commercial crops, like com. I don't think it's vital to label GM ingredients in food, but I also wouldn't be against it—and industry would be smart to go along with labeling, just as a way of removing fears about the technology.Most of all, though, I wish a tenth of the energy that's spent endlessly debating GM crops was focused on those more pressing challenges for global agriculture. There are much bigger battles to fight.1．How do environmentalist opponents view GM foods according to the passage?A.They will eventually ruin agriculture and the environment.B.They are used by big businesses to monopolize agriculture.C.They have proved potentially harmful to consumers' health.D.They pose a tremendous threat to current farming practice.2．What does the author say is vital to solving the controversy between the two sides of the debate?A.Breaking the GM food monopoly.B.More friendly exchange of ideas.C.Regulating GM food production.D.More scientific research on GM crops.3．What is the author's view on the solution to agricultural problems?A.It has to depend more and more on GM technology.B.It is vital to the sustainable development of human society.C.GM crops should be allowed until better alternatives are found.D.Whatever is useful to boost farming efficiency should be encouraged.4．What does the author think of the ongoing debate around GM crops?A.It arises out of ignorance of and prejudice against new science.B.It distracts the public attention from other key issues of the world.C.Efforts spent on it should be turned to more urgent issues of agriculture.D.Neither side is likely to give in until more convincing evidence is found..

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the topic "The Benefits of Volunteering". You should write at least 120 words but no more than 150 words.

Top 4 Traditional Summer Jobs for College Students With the summer break around the corner，students will be looking for seasonal and short-term jobs for extra cash，to stay busy or to make additions to their resume （简历）.The following jobs have been longtime go-tos for many young adults.Lifeguard Because summer is the busiest season for pools and beaches，lots of summer jobs exist for strong swimmers.Lots of positions can be found at community and neighborhood pools，while those who live near the coastline can also find positions at public beaches.These jobs are a great opportunity to build your fitness，keep people safe and be outdoors to enjoy some fun in the sun.The average hourly wage for lifeguards is ＄9.50.Camp Counselor （辅导员） Students，who enjoy spending their time with children，being a leader and overseeing fun，outdoor activities are often the perfect fit for camp counselor positions.Students studying science，for example，can work at a science camp，while those with a creative talent can work at an arts-focused summer program.The average hourly wage for camp counselors is ＄9.28，but those with years of experience or specific academic backgrounds may earn more.Sales Associate Students with a skill for persuasion and helpfulness often enjoy sales associate jobs.Students interested in business，finance or sales/marketing often gravitate （被吸引） towards these roles，but they're also a great fit for anyone seeking a low-pressure summer position or even just a discount at their favorite store.The average wage is ＄10.20 hourly.Food Server Although it may not seem like the greatest way to spend a summer，working as wait staff allows students to build their social skills，stay active，enjoy free meals while working and familiarize themselves with different cuisines.The average salary is ＄9.00 hourly，but tips can raise that number hugely.（1）Being a lifeguard means you can ____ .A．work indoors only.B．work near your home.C．have fun with your friends.D．work without certifications.（2）What do you know about the camp counselor job？ ____ A．It requires students to be good at outdoor activities.B．A background in a specific area may provide an advantage.C．It offers the highest average hourly wage among the four jobs.D．The experience of babysitting can help you earn more money.（3）What might be one of the benefits of working as a sales associate？ ____ A．Enjoy free meals.B．Enjoy lower purchase prices.C．Develop a set of new skills.D．Build a career for sales or marketing.（4）What can people learn in a waiter's job？ ____ A．How to deal with people.B．How to deal with pressure.C．How to grow their patience.D．How to make different cuisines.（5）Which job may allow you to earn more than it says？ ____ A．Lifeguard.B．Camp counselor.C．Sales associate.D．Food server.

Not many decisions could have been more difficult for a family to make them to say farewell to a community where it had lived for centuries, to abandon old ties and familiar landmarks, and to sail across dark seas to a strange land. Today, when mass communications tell one part of the world all about another, it is quite easy to understand how poverty or tyranny might force people to exchange an old nation for a new one. But centuries ago migration was a leap into the unknown. It was an enormous intellectual and emotional commitment. The forces that moved early immigrants to their great decision ― the decision to leave their homes and begin an adventure filled with uncertainty, risk and hardship ― must have been of overpowering proportions. As Oscar Handlin states, the early immigrants of America "would collide with unaccustomed problems, learn to understand alien ways and alien languages, manage to survive in a very foreign environment". Despite the obstacles and uncertainties that lay ahead of them, millions did migrate to "the promised land" ― America. But what was it that moved so many to migrate against such overwhelming odds There were probably as many reasons for coming to America as there were people who came. It was a highly individual decision. Yet it can be said that three large forces―religious persecution, political oppression and economic hardship-provided the chief motives for the mass migrations to America. They were responding in their own way to the pledge of the Declaration of Independence: the promise of "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness". The search for freedom of worship has brought people to America from the days of the pilgrims to modern times. In 1620, for example, the Mayflower carried a cargo of 102 passengers who "welcomed the opportunity to advance the gospel of Christ in these remote parts". A number of other groups such as the Jews and Quakers came to America after the Pilgrims, all seeking religious freedom. In more recent times, anti-Semitic persecution in Hitler’s Germany has driven people from their homes to seek refuge in America. However, not all religious sects have received the tolerance and understanding for which they came. The Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony showed as little tolerance for dissention beliefs as the Anglicans of England had shown them. They quickly expelled other religious groups from their society. Minority religious sects, from the Quakers and Shakers through the Catholics and Jews to the Mormons, have at various times suffered both discrimination and hostility in the United States. But the diversity of religious belief has made for religious toleration. In demanding freedom for itself, each sect had to permit freedom for others. The insistence of each successive wave of immigrants upon its right to practice its religion helped make freedom of worship a central part of the American Creed. People who gambled their lives on the right to believe in their own God would not easily surrender that right in a new society. The second great force behind immigration has been political oppression. America has always been a refuge from tyranny. As a nation conceived in liberty, it has help out to the world the promise of respect for the rights of man. Every time a revolution has failed in Europe, every time a nation has succumbed to tyranny, men and women who love freedom have assembled their families and their belongings and set sail across the seas. This process has not come to an end in our own day. The terrors of Hitler’s Germany and Mussolini’s Italy, the terrible wars of Southeast Asia ― all have brought new thousands seeking safety in the United States. The economic factor has been more complex than the religious and political factors. From the very beginning, some have come to America in search of riches, some in flight from poverty, and some because they were bought and sold and had no choice. And the various reasons are intertwined. Thus some early arrivals were lured to these shores by dreams of amassing great wealth, like the Spanish in Mexico and Peru. These adventurers, expecting quick profits in gold, soon found that real wealth lay in such crops as tobacco and cotton. AS they built up the plantation, economy in states like Virginia and the Carolinas, they needed cheap labor, So they began to import indentured servants from England (men and Women who agreed to labor a term of years in exchange for eventual freedom), and slaves from Africa. The process of industrialization in America increased the demand for cheap labor, and chaotic economic conditions in Europe increased the supply. If some immigrants continued to believe that the streets of New York were paved with gold, more were driven by the hunger and hardship of their native lands. The Irish potato famine of 1845 brought almost a million people to America in five years. American manufacturers advertised in European newspapers, offering to pay the passage of any man willing to come to America to work for them. The immigrants who came for economic reasons contributed to the strength of the new society in several ways. Those who came from countries with advanced political and economic institutions brought with them faith in those institutions and experience in making them work. They also brought technical and managerial skills which contributed greatly to economic growth in the new land. Above all, they helped give America the extraordinary social mobility which is the essence of an open society. In the community he had left, the immigrant usually had a fixed place. He would carry on his father’s craft of trade; he would farm his father’s land or that small portion of it that was left him after it was divided with his brothers. Only with the most exceptional talent and enterprise could break out of the circumstances in life into which he had been born. There were no such circumstances for him in the New World. Once having broken with the past, except for sentimental ties and cultural inheritance, he had to rely on his own abilities. It was the future and not the past which he had to face. Except for the Negro slave, the immigrant could go anywhere and do anything his talents permitted. A large, virgin continent lay before him, and he had only to join it together by canals, railroads and roads. If he failed to achieve the dream of a better life for himself, he could still retain it for his children. These were the major forces that started this massive migration to America. Every immigrant served to reinforce and strengthen those elements in American society that had attracted him in the first place. The motives of some immigrants were commonplace. The motives of others were noble. Taken together they add up to the strengths and weaknesses of America.In what way did immigrants seeking economic freedom contribute to the strength of the U. S. economy A．They introduced advanced political and economic institutions.B．They brought with them technical and managerial skills.C．They helped give America social mobility.D．All of these.

There are two passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.Passage 1Video games have a bad reputation among many parents and teachers, who worry too much screen time is bad for children. There's no doubt that some kids go overboard and face troubling health risks. But a body of research suggests that playing digital games can have psychological and even physical benefits. And new offerings from game makers like Leapfrog, National Geographic and Galxyz may further assuage parents and teachers' fears."There is a developing notion of good screen time versus bad screen time," said Osman Rashid, founder of Galxyz. "Good screen time" can include using games that make players strategize, analyze and think quickly, while bad screen time generally involves doing something more passive, like watching a video.Rashid, who has two daughters, was disappointed there weren't more games both entertaining and challenging. "Most learning games had shoddy graphics, poorly developed interfaces and fake gaming," he said. So he set out to create one that would teach players about science — and actually appeal to kids. Galxyz games help kids learn a variety of disciplines, from physical and life science to Earth and space science, and the company recently partnered with the New York Academy of Sciences to help deliver a new educational product.Kids can play these games at home, or the programs can be incorporated into a teacher's syllabus. Fifty-five percent of educators surveyed said their students played games in their classrooms at least once a week. Rashid noted he appreciates seeing teachers realizing educational games won't necessarily replace them and that certain programs can actually enhance lesson plans.But since educational gaming is a relatively new concept, scientists still lack a solid understanding of how educational screen time affects children and learning outcomes. There's little data on the long-term effects of using educational games.However, finding new ways to engage students is generally beneficial. If you're going to stand up in front of a class and give a lecture for 40 minutes, you're going to be like a stand-up comedian who dies on stage. Teachers need to use new technology to amuse, entertain and educate their students.(1) (单选题)Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?A.There are many ways to protect kids from bad video games.B.Game makers are creating more educational games.C.Educators are starting to embrace the good screen time.Video games bring psychological and physical benefits.D.Video games bring psychological and physical benefits.(2) (单选题)The meaning of the underlined word "assuage" (Para. 1) is closest to ________.A.worsenB.assureC.stimulateD.ease(3) (单选题)What does founder of Galxyz say about bad screen time?A.Too much bad screen time does harm to the eyesight.B.Kids watch and play these games without much thinking.C.A lot of these games involve much fight and blood.D.The picture and the sound of these games are of low quality.(4) (单选题)What is the result of using educational games in the classroom?A.They will eventually replace the teachers.B.They improve the effect of classroom teaching.C.Students can achieve better grades.D.Students find the traditional lecture boring.(5) (单选题)What does the author think of the future of education?A.Teachers will act like comedians to entertain students.B.Every student will be actively engaged in class activities.C.Outdoor education will play an important role in school syllabus.D.Technology will make the class more amusing and enlightening.

Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.网络犯罪(cybercrime)指的是任何利用电脑或互联网进行的犯罪活动。不断增长的网络犯罪类型包括各种因使用电脑而得以实现的犯罪活动，比如网络入侵、电脑病毒传播和诸如身份盗用、恃强凌弱(bullying)、恐怖主义之类既有犯罪行为的网络变体形式。围绕网络犯罪有许多争议性问题。比如，对于一些广泛传播的活动是否应该归为犯罪行为，人们观点并不统一。数字监控(digital surveillance)问题及其对公民权利的影响也存在争议。为了确保网络的发展不以牺牲个人权利为代价，必须对其进行监管。

What does the author think open debate can do?In the age of the internet, there's no such thing as a private debate. But is that bad for science? Some scientists have had concerns. When debates in any sector move beyond the halls of universities and government agencies, there's potential for information to be used incorrectly, leading to public confusion; yet, open debate can also promote communication between the scientific community and the public.请根据材料选择正确答案。A、Help the public to better understand science.B、Clear up confusion in the scientific community.C、Settle disputes between universities and government agencies.D、Prevent information from being used incorrectly by the public.

Social media can be a powerful communication tool for employees, helping them to collaborate, share ideas and solve problems. Research has shown that 82% of employees think social media can improve work relationships and 60% believe it can support decision-making processes. These beliefs contribute to a majority of workers connecting with colleagues on social media, even during work hours. What does previous research about social media reveal? A. Most employees think positively of it.B. It improves employees' work efficiency.C. It enables employees to form connections.D. Employees spend much of their work time on it.

Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B)，C) and D). You should decide on thebest choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Last year, a child was born at a hospital in the UK with her heart outside her body. Few babies survive this rare condition, and those who do must endure numerous operations and are likely to have complex needs. When her mother was interviewed, three weeks after her daughter's birth, she was asked if she was prepared for what might be a daunting (令人生畏的) task caring for her. She answered without hesitation that, as far as she was concerned, this would be a“privilege".Rarely has there been a better example of the power of attitude, one of our most powerful psychological tools. Our attitudes allow us to turn mistakes into opportunities, and loss into the chance for new beginnings. An attitude is a settled way of thinking, feeling and/ or behaving towards particular objects, people, events or ideologies. We use our attitudes to filter, interpret and react to the world around us. You weren't born with attitudes; rather they are all learned, and this happens in a number of ways.The most powerful influences occur during early childhood and include both what happened to youdirectly, and what those around you did and said in your presence. As you acquire a distinctive identity,your attitudes are further refined by the behavior of those with whom you identify- your family, those of your gender and culture, and the people you admire, even though you may not know them personally.Friendships and other important relationships become increasingly important, particularly during adolescence. About that same time and throughout adulthood, the information you receive, especially when ideas are repeated in association with goals and achievements you find attractive, also refines your attitudes.Many people assume that our attitudes are internally consistent, that is, the way you think and feel about somecone or something predicts your behavior towards them. However, many studies have found that feelings and thoughts don't nessarily predict behavior. In general, your attitudes will be internally consistent only when the behavior is easy, and when those around you hold similar beliefs. That's why, for example, many say they believe in the benefits of recycling or exercise, but don't behave in line with their views, because it takes awareness, effort and courage to go beyond merely stating that you believe something is a good idea.One of the most efective ways to change an attitude is to start behaving as if you already feel and think the way you'd prefer to. Take some time to reflect on your attitudes, to think about what you believe and why. Is there anything you consider a burden rather than a privilege? If so, start behaving right now as if the latter is the case.46. What do we learn from the passage about attitude?A) It shapes our beliefs and ideologies.B) It improves our psychological wellbeing.C) It determines how we respond to our immediate environment.D) It changes the way we think, feel and interact with one another.47. What can contribute to the refinement of one's attitude, according to the passage?A) Their idols' behaviors.C) Their contact with the opposite gender.B) Their educational level.D) Their interaction with different cultures.48. What do many studies find about people's feelings and thoughts?A) They may not suggest how a person is going to behave.B) They are in a way consistent with a person's mentality.C) They may not find expression in interpersonal relations.D) They are in line with a person's behavior no matter what.49. How come many people don't do what they believe is good?A) They can't afford the time.C) They are hypocritical.B) They have no idea how to.D) They lack willpower.50. What is proposed as a strategy to change attitude?A) Changing things that require one's immediate attention.B) Starting to act in a way that embodies one s aspirations.C) Adjusting one's behavior gradually over a period of time.D) Considering ways of reducing one's psychological burdens.