2. As early as the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese began to ________ a great deal of effort on science, technology and education.A. expelB. expandC. expendD. expatiate

In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associates his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning". This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to （）. A. teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionsB. give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningC. give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learningD. discuss with psychologists how positive and negative feelings are produced

The ______ noise from the construction site made it impossible to concentrate.A. temporaryB. perpetualC. occasionalD. trivial

Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.19.A. It uses up much less energy than it does in deep thinking.B. It remains inactive without burning calories noticeably.C. It continues to burn up calories to help us stay in shape.D. It consumes almost a quarter of the body’s total energy.

(2012 惠州第三次调研, D) 体裁: 议论文　词数: 362A classic series of experiments to determine the effects of overpopulation on communities of rats was conducted by a psychologist, John Calhoun. In each experiment, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure. The rat population was allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring(后代) that were not dependent on their mothers. At the end of the experiments, Calhoun was able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding. The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups, and, without their mothers" care, the pups died. The experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered diseased, pathological(病态的). The dominant(占支配地位的) males in the rat population were the least affected by over population. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male, female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding. Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely, avoiding contact with other rats. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive, chasing other rats and fighting each other. The behavior of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun" s experiments. In large urban areas, such as New York City, London, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun" s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments. 1. Calhoun stabilized the rat population　　　. A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stress B. by removing young ratsC. so that there was a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. so that it wouldn" t be so crowded in the enclosure2. Which of the following inferences CANNOT be made from the information in Para. 1? A. Calhoun" s experiment was considered important then. B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat population. C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding. D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before. 3. When they were in overpopulated communities, mother rats　　　. A. had terrible diseasesB. fought against male ratsC. behaved abnormallyD. died soon4. The author implies that the behavior of the dominant male rats is sometimes parallel with that of　　　. A. cruel, powerful people B. people who abandon their childrenC. hyperactive people D. people who would like to keep to themselves5. The author intends to tell us that　　　. A. rats are affected by overcrowding, but people are notB. overcrowding may be an important cause of social pathologyC. the social behavior of rats is seriously affected by pathologyD. Calhoun" s experiments have influenced many people

21.A. It is believed to remain basically constant.B. It is a prerequisite for any mental activity.C. It is conducive to relieving mental exhaustion.D. It is thought to be related to food consumption.

听lecture，先把答案记下来，然后再提交。答案提交大写字母。真题是2021年6月 第2套part C。听不懂自己找文本核对。Questions 16 to18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) They have little talent for learning math.B) They need medical help for math anxiety.C) They need extra help to catch up in the math class.D) They have strong negative emotions towards math.17. A) It will gradually pass away without teachers' help.B) It affects low performing children only.C) It is related to a child's low intelligence.D) It exists mostly among children from poor families.18. A) Most of them have average to strong math ability.B) Most of them get timely help from their teachers.C) They will regain confidence with counselling.D) They are mostly secondary school students.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) Social media addiction is a threat to our health.B) Too many people are addicted to smartphones.C) Addiction to computer games is a disease.D) Computer games can be rather addictive.20. A) They prioritize their favored activity over what they should do.B) They do their favored activity whenever and wherever possible.C) They are unaware of the damage their behavior is doing to them.D) They are unable to get rid of their addiction without professional help.21. A) It may be less damaging than previously believed.B) There will never be agreement on its harm to people.C) It may prove to be beneficial to developing creativity.D) There is not enough evidence to classify it as a disease.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A) They are relatively uniform in color and design.B) They appear more formal than other passports.C) They are a shade of red bordering on brown.D) They vary in color from country to country.23. A) They must endure wear and tear. C) They must be made from a rare material.B) They must be of the same size. D) They must follow some common standards.24 A) They look more traditional. C) They are favored by airlines.B) They look more official. D) They are easily identifiable.25. A) For beauty. C) For visibility.B) For variety. D) For security.

To eat well and still save money, people should buy fresh food and cook it themselves.A、A. Why do so many Americans eat tons of processed food, the stuff that is correctly called junk(垃圾) and should really carry warning labels?B、B. It's not because fresh ingredients are hard to come by. Supermarkets offer more variety than ever, and there are over four times as many farmers' markets in the US as there were 20 years ago. Nor is it for lack of available information. There are plenty of recipes(食谱), how-to videos and cooking classes available to anyone who has a computer, smartphone or television. If anything, the information is overwhelming.C、C. And yet we aren't cooking. If you eat three meals a day and behave like most Americans, you probably get at least a third of your daily calories(卡路里) outside the home. Nearly two-thirds of us grab fast food once a week, and we get almost 25% of our daily calories from snacks. So we're eating out or taking in, and we don't sit down — or we do, but we hurry.D、D. Shouldn't preparing — and consuming — food be a source of comfort, pride, health, well-being, relaxation, sociability? Something that connects us to other humans? Why would we want to outsource(外包) this basic task, especially when outsourcing it is so harmful?E、E. When I talk about cooking, I'm not talking about creating elaborate dinner parties or three-day science projects. I'm talking about simple, easy, everyday meals. My mission is to encourage green hands and those lacking time or money to feed themselves. That means we need modest, realistic expectations, and we need to teach people to cook food that's good enough to share with family and friends.

Recently, I received this request: "I am writing an article for one of my classes about distance friendship ... People were friends for many years and then they move far away from each other. What changes? What are the chances that the friendship will survive? How do we keep up with all the changes ... and then make our friendship last?" The reader elaborated (详细说明) in a second email, explaining that two of her best friends lived far from her and she had recently met with one of them, but their relationship had now sadly changed. She wondered if "there are friendships that last a lifetime and what to do to have a friendship like that."Unfortunately, while I can ramble on(漫谈) about short-term friendships, I have not experienced many of long-term friendships. My oldest contact is a young woman whom I became acquainted with about ten years ago and who at one point had been my Little Sister through Big Brothers Big Sisters (a non-profit organization whose goal is to help all children reach their potential through professionally supported, one-to-one relationships with volunteer mentors). We see each other annually in December. My longest close friendship is with Andy Frederick whom I first met in the fall of 1996. Hence, to answer my reader's email, I sought the help of friends with more experience with long-term friendships. They came through for me!One friend wrote, "People, in the big picture, are fairly predictable. Long-distance relationships rarely survive past the 'I think of that person once in a while' state." She confessed, "Of all the friendships I have had since I was old enough to make friends, I only have one person I stay in regular contact with who I met in high school. She lives very far away and we manage to get together at least once a year and talk a few times a year beyond that." Otherwise, the friends whom she has managed to stay in contact with are those separated from her by the least amount of distance. She concluded that such is the facts of life. "Out of sight does not necessarily mean out of mind ... but physical distance does create more distance in frequency of thought and emotion."1. In her first email, the reader asked for ______.A. the skill of making friends in lifeB. the information about distance friendshipC. a permission to read an article about friendshipD. an answer to the question of changeable friendship

(3.0分)Love for all living things in the world and_for their state of being can often be found in ancient works of arts and literature.