The terms“global warming" and“climate change" are used by many, seemingly interchangeably. But do they really mean the same thing? Scientists shaped the history of the terms while attempting to accurately describe how humans continue to alter the planet. Later, political strategists adopted the terms to influence public opinion. In 1975, geochemist Wallace Broecker introduced the term“climate change" in an article published by Science. In 1979, a National Academy of Sciences report used the term“global warming" to define increases in the Earth's average surface temperature, while“climate change" more broadly referred to the numerous effects of this increase, such as sea-level rise and occan acidification (酸化). During the following decades, some industrialists and politicians launched a campaign to sow doubt in the minds of the American public about the ability of fossil-fuel use, deforestation and other human activities to influence the planet s climate. Word use played a critical role in developing that doubt. For example, the language and polls expert Frank Luntz wrote a memo encouraging the use of“climate change" because the phrase sounded less scary than“global warming,”reported the Guardian. However, Luntz's recommendation wasn't ncessary. A Google Ngram Viewer chart shows that by 1993 climate change was already more commonly used in books than global warming. By the end of the next decade both words were used more frequently, and climate change was used nearly twice as often as global warming. NASA used the term“climate change" because it more accurately reflects the wide range of changes to the planet caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The debate isn't new. A century ago, chemist Svante Arrhenius started one of the first debates over the potential for humans to influence the planet's climate. Arrhenius calculated the capability of carbon dioxide to trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, but other chemists disagreed. Some argued that humans weren't producing enough greenhouse gases, while others claimed the effects would be tiny. Now, of course, we know that whatever you call it, human bchavior is warming the planet, with grave consequences ahead.1. Why did politicians use the two terms“global warming" and“climate change"?A To sway public opinion of the impact of human activities on Farth.B To more accurately describe the consequences of human activities.C To win more popular votes in their campaign activities.D To assure the public of the safety of existing industries.2. As used in a National Academy of Sciences report, the term“climate change" differs from“global warming" in thatA it sounds less vagueB it looks more scientificC it covers more phenomenaD it is much closer to reality3. What did industrialists of the late 20th century resort to in order to mislead Americans?A Made-up survey resultsB Hired climate experts.C False research findings.D Deliberate choice of words.4. Why did NASA choose the term“climate change"?A To obtain more funds.B For greater precision.C For political needs.D To avoid debate.5. What is the author's final conclusion?A Global warming is the more accurate term.B Accuracy of terminology matters in science.C Human activities have serious effects on Earth.D Politics interferes with serious scientific debate.

Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.听力原文： All big cities are quite similar. Living in a modem Asian city is not very different from living in an American city. The same cannot be said about living on farms, however. In many parts of the world, farmers and their families live in villages or towns. In the United States, however, each farm family lives on its own fields, often beyond the sight of any neighbors. Instead of traveling from a village to the fields every morning, American farmers stay on their land throughout the week. For many years, however, farming in America was often a lonely way of living. Farmers had to deal with their own problems, instead of getting help from others. They learned to try new methods, and to trust their own ideas instead of following old ways. Of course life keeps changing for everyone, including farmers. Today there are cars, good roads, radios and television sets. And of course there are modem machines for farming. All of these have changed farm life.(27)A．American farmers travels from a village to his fields each morning.B．American farmers have more money.C．Each American farmer family lives quite far from any neighbors.D．American farmers don"t like to leave their fields.

（使）缩小，减少，收缩A. wrapB. shakeC. shrinkD. wrinkle

I have not heard anything from him since his departure.A. 基础B. 离开C. 犯错D. 接受

The terms “global warming” and “climate change” are used by many, seemingly interchangeably. But do they really mean the same thing?Scientists shaped the history of the terms while attempting to accurately describe how humans continue to alter the planet. Later, political strategists adopted the terms to influence public opinion.In 1975, geochemist Wallace Broecker introduced the term “climate change” in an article published by Science. In 1979, a National Academy of Sciences report used the term “global warming” to define increases in the Earth’s average surface temperature, while “climate change” more broadly referred to the numerous effects of this increase, such as sea-level rise and ocean acidification (酸化).During the following decades, some industrialists and politicians launched a campaign to sow doubt in the minds of the American public about the ability of fossil-fuel use, deforestation and other human activities to influence the planet’s climate.Word use played a critical role in developing that doubt. For example, the language and polls expert Frank Luntz wrote a memo encouraging the use of “climate change” because the phrase sounded less scary than “global warming,” reported the Guardian.However, Luntz’s recommendation wasn’t necessary. A Google Ngram Viewer chart shows that by 1993 climate change was already more commonly used in books than global warming. By the end of the next decade both words were used more frequently, and climate change was used nearly twice as often as global warming. NASA used the term “climate change” because it more accurately reflects the wide range of changes to the planet caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.The debate isn’t new. A century ago, chemist Svante Arrhenius started one of the first debates over the potential for humans to influence the planet’s climate. Arrhenius calculated the capability of carbon dioxide to trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, but other chemists disagreed. Some argued that humans weren’t producing enough greenhouse gases, while others claimed the effects would be tiny. Now, of course, we know that whatever you call it, human behavior is warming the planet, with grave consequences ahead.【小题1】Why did politicians use the two terms “global warming” and “climate change”?A．To sway public opinion of the impact of human activities on Earth.B．To more accurately describe the consequences of human activities.C．To win more popular votes in their campaign activities.D．To assure the public of the safety of existing industries.【小题2】As used in a National Academy of Sciences report, the term “climate change” differs from “global warming” in that________A．it sounds less vagueB．it looks more scientificC．it covers more phenomenaD．it is much closer to reality【小题3】What did industrialists of the late 20th century resort to in order to mislead Americans?A．Made-up survey results.B．Hired climate experts.C．False research findings.D．Deliberate choice of words.【小题4】What is the author’s final conclusion?A．Global warming is the more accurate term.B．Accuracy of terminology matters in science.C．Human activities have serious effects on Earth.D．Politics interferes with serious scientific debate.

Why Pop Music Sounds Perfect If you haven’t been listening to pop radio in the past few months, you’ve missed the rise of two seemingly opposing trends. In a medium in which mediocre singing has never been a bar to entry, a lot of pop vocals suddenly sound great. Better than great: note- and pitch-perfect, as if there’s been an unspoken tightening of standards at record labels or an evolutionary leap in the development of vocal cords. At the other extreme are a few hip-hop singers who also hit their notes but with a precision so exaggerated that on first listen, their songs sound comically artificial, like a chorus of 50s robots singing Motown. The force behind both trends is an ingenious plug-in called Auto-Tune, a downloadable studio trick that can take a vocal and instantly nudge it onto the proper note or move it to the correct pitch. It’s like Photoshop for the human voice. Auto-Tune doesn’t make it possible for just anyone to sing like a pro, but used as its creator intended, it can transform a wavering performance into something technically flawless. "Right now, if you listen to pop, everything is in perfect pitch, perfect time and perfect tune," says producer Rick Rubin. "That’s how ubiquitous Auto-Tune is." Auto-Tune’s inventor is a man named Andy Hildebrand, who worked for years interpreting seismic data for the oil industry. Using a mathematical formula called autocorrelation, Hildebrand would send sound waves into the ground and record their reflections, providing an accurate map of potential drill sites. It’s a technique that saves oil companies lots of money and allowed Hildebrand to retire at 40. He was debating the next chapter of his life at a dinner party when a guest challenged him to invent a box that would allow her to sing in tune. After he tinkered with autocorrelation for a few months, Auto-Tune was born in late 1996. Almost immediately, studio engineers adopted it as a trade secret to fix flubbed notes, saving them the expense and hassle of having to redo sessions. The first time common ears heard Auto-Tune was on the immensely irritating 1998 Cher hit "Believe." In the first verse, when Cher sings "I can’t break through" as though she’s standing behind an electric fan, that’s Auto-Tune--but it’s not the way Hildebrand meant it to be used. The program’s retune speed, which adjusts the singer’s voice, can be set from zero to 400. "If you set it to 10, that means that the output pitch will get halfway to the target pitch in 10 milliseconds," says Hildebrand. "But if you let that parameter go to zero, it finds the nearest note and changes the output pitch instantaneously"--eliminating the natural transition between notes and making the singer sound jumpy and automat-ed. "I never figured anyone in their right mind would want to do that," he says. Like other trends spawned by Cher, the creative abuse of Auto-Tune quickly went out of fashion, although it continued to be an indispensable, if inaudible, part of the engineer’s toolbox. But in 2003, T-Pain (Faheem Najm), a little-known rapper and singer, accidentally stumbled onto the Cher effect while Auto-Tuning some of his vocals. "It just worked for my voice," says T-Pain in his natural Tallahassee drawl. "And there wasn’t anyone else doing it." Since his 2005 debut album, T-Pain has sent a dozen slightly raunchy, mechanically cheery singles into the Top 10. He contributed to four nominated songs at Grammy Award 2009, and his influence is still spreading. When Kanye West was looking for an effect to match some heartbroken lyrics, he flew T-Pain to Hawaii to see how many ways they could tweak Auto-Tune. Diddy gave a percentage of his upcoming album’s profits to T-Pain in exchange for some lessons. Even Prince is rumored to be experimenting with Auto-Tune on his new record. "I know [Auto-Tune]better than anyone," says T-Pain. "And even I’m just figuring out all the ways you can use it to change the mood of a record." Rubin, who’s produced artists as diverse as the Dixie Chicks and Metallica, worries that the safety net of Auto-Tune is making singers lazy. "Sometimes a singer will do lots of takes when they’re recording a song, and you really can hear the emotional difference when someone does a great performance vs. an average one," says Rubin. "If you’re pitch-correcting, you might not bother to make the effort. You might just get it done and put it through the machine so it’s all in tune." Rubin has taken to having an ethical conversation before each new recording session. "I encourage artists to embrace a natural process," he says. With the exception of Milli Vanilli’s, pop listeners have always been fairly indulgent (纵容的) about performers’ ethics. It’s hits that matter, and the average person listening to just one pop song on the radio will have a hard time hearing Auto-Tune’s impact; it’s effectively deceptive. But when track after track has perfect pitch, the songs are harder to differentiate from one another-which explains why pop is in a pretty serious lull at the moment. It also changes the way we hear unaffected voices. "The other day, someone was talking about how Aretha Franklin at the Inauguration was a bit pitchy," says Anderson. "I said, ’Of course! She was singing!’ And that was a musician talking. People are getting used to hearing things dead on pitch, and it’s changed their expectations." Despite Randy Jackson’s stock American Idol critique-"A little pitchy, dawg"-many beloved songs are actually off-pitch or out of tune. There’s Ringo Starr on "With a Little Help from My Friends," of course, and just about every blues song slides into notes as opposed to hitting them dead on. Even Norah Jones, the poster girl of pure vocals, isn’t perfect. "There’s some wonderful imperfections of pitch on ’Don’t Know Why’ from Come Away with Me," says Anderson, "and most of the other tunes on the album as well. But I wouldn’t want to change a single note." Let’s hope that pop’s fetish for uniform perfect pitch will fade, even if the spread of Auto-Tune shows no signs of slowing. A 99 version for home musicians was released in November 2007, and T-Pain and Auto-Tune’s parent company are finishing work on an iPhone app. "It’s gonna be real cool," says T-Pain. "Basically, you can add Auto-Tune to your voice and send it to your friends and put it on the Web. You’ll be able to sound just like me." Asked if that might render him no longer unique, T-Pain laughs: "I’m not too worried. I got lots of tricks you ain’t seen yet. It’s everybody else that needs to step up their game." What has happened to T-Pain since 2005 A．He went out of fashion soon.B．He had to give up Auto-Tune.C．He became very successful.D．He held concerts worldwide.

What did industrialists of the late 20th century resort to in order to mislead Americans?A. Made-up survey results.B. Hired climate experts.C. False research findings.D. Deliberate choice of words.

Why did NASA choose the term “climate change”?A. To obtain more funds.B. For greater precision.C. For political needs.D. To avoid debate.

Directions: In this task, you are to write an essay on the role of physical exercise in achieving success at college. You will have 30 minutes for the task. You should write at least underline(120) words but no more than underline(180) words.

7. (1.0分) Much of the news provided by this newspaper is underline(domestic), not foreign.A. 国内的B. 外国的C. 购买的D. 诅咒的