The Real Death Of Print Vishwas Chavan travels a lot. As an informatician, he collects data on what types of animal live where in India to enter into a biodiversity database. Yet the specimens he hunts for have neither fur nor feathers, but yellowing pages and ageing dust-jackets. Much of the information Chavan seeks is in old, out of-print tomes that are scattered around the world; about 2,500 of the 7,000 books he has unearthed were written in the first half of the nineteenth century. To find them, Chavan has spent years trailing around libraries. He dreams of the day when books such as these are scanned and made available as digital files on the Internet. Chavan and other digitization visionaries paint a future in which books no longer gather dust on shelves, but exist as interconnected nodes in a vast web of stored literature, all accessible at the click of a mouse. So instead of hunting for specific books, scholars could search for specific information, customizing searches to suit their needs.A few years ago, Chavan’’s dream seemed little more than a castle in the air. True, a number of mostly volunteer-driven or publicly funded projects had been scanning books and making them freely available on the Internet. But most efforts were limited. In December 2004, the Internet searchengine company Google announced plans to change that. It said it would scan millions of books from five major libraries: the university libraries of Oxford, Harvard, Stanford and Michigan, and the New York Public Library. The announcement energized other organizations in the United States and in Europe, which soon declared similar plans to scan and catalogue millions of books. The move to digitize books is set to transform the worlds of publishers, librarians, authors, readers and researchers. Obscure specialist titles could find new readerships; librarians and information specialists will have to develop tools to catalogue and navigate this labyrinth (迷宫) of data; and authors and publishers may soon have to start thinking in digital dimensions, just as website designers and writers already do.Bloody revolution But revolutions are rarely bloodless and this one could soon get ugly. In the United States authors and publishers are squaring up against Google for a legal fight over copyright. Opinion is divided over whether the scanning projects being implemented by companies such as Google and Amazon will hand control of the world’’s literature to private enterprise ― and, if so, what this could mean. And with several independent scanning projects under way, it is still not clear how much of the information will be freely available, or where and how it can all be coordinated and accessed. The idea to digitize books and make them available online has been around since the beginning of Internet in the early 1970s. When the US Declaration of Independence was typed in and sent to everyone on a computer network on the night of 4 July 1971, it marked the birth of Project Gutenberg, the first book-digitization venture. Since then, the project’’s 20,000 volunteers have scanned or typed in about 50,000 out-of copyright books, says its founder Michael Hart, who works in the basement of his home in Urbana, Illinois, and, like the project’’s volunteers, for free. Projects such as this are driven by the idealistic desire to make knowledge and literature freely accessible to all, but also by the benefits of having book collections easily searchable. "Being able to find it online is pretty much the same as having it online," says David Weinberger of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society. Assets such as searchability have prompted the National Science Foundation (NSF) in Arlington, Virginia, to get involved in an open-access enterprise called the Million Book Project. This is an international scanning effort with many participants, including Carnegie Mellon University. Since the project began in 2002, about 600,000 out-of-copyright books have been scanned, although only about half of them are currently available online. The scanning takes place in India and China, with books being shipped there temporarily from libraries around the world.Made to fit Searchability is also the main driving force behind commercial plans to scan books, including texts whose copyright has yet to expire. For example, if their products have been digitized, online booksellers can allow customers to search within books and browse a few pages before deciding to buy. In the United States, with the publisher’’s permission, Amazon puts searchable digital data from mostly copyrighted books online. Amazon says that several hundred thousand books are currently available for searching. Amazon also offers the option of purchasing e-books and e-documents on its website, which can be viewed after downloading them to a portable reading device. The company expects these services to drive additional sales. Its ’’search inside the book’’ feature increases sales by 8%, the company says. Scientific publishers, such as the US National Academies Press also see increased print sales when they allow their books to be viewed online. But Google doesn’’t mention money in its announcement that it plans to make the contents of millions of copyrighted books searchable as part of its Google Book Search project. Its spokesman, Nate Tyler, says Google’’s motivation is to include literature that is currently only available offline in its mission to make information universally accessible. But the possibility that the company could gain financially from the move has raised hackles among US authors and publishing organizations. In the autumn of this year, the Authors Guild and the Association of American Publishers filed a lawsuit against Google for copyright infringement. They complained that Google hadn’’t asked them for permission to scan copyrighted books. Google has obtained the go-ahead from publishers to include some copyrighted works as part of its Book Search project, but not all. It argues that it does not need to seek permission for every book, because what it plans to do is permissible according to the "fair use" exception of US copyright law. This allows copying for uses such as teaching, scholarship or research. Google will, for example, not make the full text available, but only show "snippets" of text around the search results if a book is still copyrighted. The company says that people are more likely to buy or borrow a book if they can search it this way, adding that the snippets are similar to the card catalogues found in libraries. But Paul Aiken of the Authors Guild in New York City argues that the act of scanning the works is copyright infringement (侵害) no matter how the texts are used. The outcome of the lawsuit will depend on the courts’’ decisions over how the concept of fair use applies in the age of digital books and the Internet. Meanwhile, the rest of the scanning world is watching from the sidelines, and being careful to scan only books that are out of copyright, or to obtain the publisher’’s permission before scanning anything. Google’’s plan has shaken up the digital-book world in other ways too. For one thing, many believe that its size and resources mean Google can pull of this feat ― so large-scale repositories of digital books seem a more realistic and immediate prospect than ever before. Google has also galvanized its competitors, both public and private to redouble their efforts, and has placed a question mark over the future of libraries and librarians. "I think Google is in a class by itself because of the quantity of money and the level of centralization," says Daniel Greenstein, librarian of the California Digital Library in Oakland, California. "Google has paved the way, created the appetite for this kind of activity, and anxiety on the part of libraries and publishers."Out with the old But Michael Gorman, president of the American Library Association, says he is not worried that libraries could become obsolete. As well as providing access to books, they serve as a place for people to meet and study, he says. And librarians’’ expertise in information management will still be needed. "We are not worried about our own jobs," agrees Dennis Dillon, associate director of the research services division of the University of Texas libraries at Austin. "The job is changing, which makes it even more fulfilling than it was before." But Gorman is worried that over-reliance on digital texts could change the way people read ― and not for the better. He calls it the "atomization of knowledge". Google searches retrieve snippets and Gorman worries that people who confine their reading to these short paragraphs could miss out on the deeper understanding that can be conveyed by longer, narrative prose. Dillon agrees that people use e-books in the same way that they use web pages: dipping in and out of the content.In 2004, Google Company announced plans to scan millions of books from five major libraries. A．YB．NC．NG
When talking about your feelings with your roommate, what should you do?A. Express your feelings with respect.B. Talk about your feelings in an indirect way.C. Use powerful words to express how you feel.D. Tell your roommate how you feel in a direct way.
What does the speaker try to tell us?A. Unemployment brings bad feelings.B. Unemployment brings good feelings.C. One should try to make the best of unemployment.D. Unemployed people are lonely.
选词填空·填单词(共20小题,20分)-|||-hug weary paperback tilt practicable-|||-sober gasoline stun brace wreckage-|||-That he`d managed to crawl out of the_5_after the-|||-earthquake was a miracle all its own.
There has been a lot of research on how older adults respond to stress, but the findings have been mixed: some studies have found that older adults are less adaptive than younger adults at responding to stress; some have found that they're more adaptive; and some have found no difference. Whether attitudes toward aging could account for this difference in research findings? In other words, are older adults with positive attitudes about aging more able to cope with stress than older adults with negative attitudes? A new study gives a positive answer. For the new study, 43 participants between the ages of 60 and 96 were asked about their attitudes toward aging. For example, participants were asked if they felt they were as useful now as they had been when they were younger, and whether they were as happy as when they were younger. A questionnaire also asked participants about any stress they'd experienced as well as the extent to which they experienced negative emotions, such as fear, irritability or distress. The researchers also accounted for the personality of study participants. Were they optimistic about everything, or are there benefits tied specifically to an individual's attitudes about aging? What is the purpose of the new study? A. To study older adults' attitudes toward aging.B. To study whether good attitudes toward aging help older adults handle stress.C. To study whether personality is tied to older adults' attitudes toward aging.D. To study how much stress older adults can handle
28.(判断题)【判断题】The Conclusion section of academic papers may also be the only place in the paper where the author discusses unanswered questions.A. 对B. 错
20. 07 短文1(1) (单选题)Question 16A. It's a horrible feeling.B. It can be a blessing.C. It's boring and dangerous.D. It's the most comfortable state.(2) (单选题)Question 17A. To be active.B. To meet up with your friends.C. To travel abroad.D. To seek advice from others.(3) (单选题)Question 18A. It provides a chance for people to think deeply.B. It makes us treasure the time.C. It enables one to identify true friends.D. It helps us take care of problems more efficiently.
12.It is obvious how bad movies will impact ________ children.A. onB. toC. withD. in
Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below.Change the form where necessary.-|||-available classify design people newspaper-|||-television line service persuade than-|||-entertain audience radio form . advertise-|||-magazine eye ear add there-|||------|||-dvertising is only part of the total sales effort,but it is the part that attracts the most-|||-A attention.This is natural enough because advertising is(1)designed for just that-|||-purpose.In newspapers,in mail,on radio and (2)television,we constantly see and hear the-|||-messages for hundreds of different products and (3) services.For the most part,they are the kinds-|||-of things that we can be ( )persudedtb buy-int 00danddmks,c and television sets,furniture-|||-and clothing,travel and leisure time activities.-|||-The simplest kind of advertising is the(5)classified ad.Every day the newspapers carry a-|||-few pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions(6) may be several sections of them.-|||-A classified ad is usually only a few(7) long.It is really a notice or announcement that-|||-something is(8)available,-|||-Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising.Most of it is for stores or for various-|||-(9) of entertainment.Newspape generally reach an audience only in a limited area.-|||-To bring their message to a larger(10)audience,many who want to put out their ads use national-|||-magazines.Many of the techniques of modem(11)advertising were developed in magazine ads.The-|||-use of bright colors,attractive picture and short messages is all characteristic of(12)magazine-|||-ads.The most important purpose is to catch the (13) The message itself is usually short,-|||-often no more (14) a slogan which the public identifies with the product.-|||-The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising.Voices and music-|||-have(15)been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye.Television ads are-|||-short-usually only 15,30,or 60 seconds,but they are repeated over and over again so that-|||-the audience sees and hears them many times.Commercial television has mixed entertainment-|||-sin g..
中国大学MOOC: The two main ways a cause and effect essay can be organized are block structure and point-by-point structure.
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6. The children will now play some pieces of music that they ______ themselves. A.were taught posed C.accomplished D.worked7. While she waited,she tried to ______ her mind with pleasant thoughts of the vacation. A.occupy pose C.think D.intensify8. In the film,the peaceful life of a monk ______ the violent life of a murderer. A.is compared with B.is compared to C.is contrasted to D.is contrasted with9. ______ to pay for an order is simplicity itself. A.Use plastic B.Using plastics C.Using plastic D.Used plastic10. Additional time is required for cooking or ______ homemade dishes. A.chill B.to chill C.chilled D.chilling
Americans experience more food recalls (召回) today than they did five years ago, especially when it comes to meat and poultry (家禽). Meat and poultry recalls increased by two-thirds from 2013 to 2018, while food recalls overall went up 10%, according to the report recently published by the U.S. Public Interest Research Group.Meanwhile, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates (估计) 48 million people get sick, 128,000 are hospitalized and 3,000 die from food-borne disease each year in the U.S. "We are looking for the farm-to-fork preventative solutions," said Adam Garber, the research group's consumer watchdog. "By doing that, we can protect people's health."Over the five-year period, poultry posted the most recalls (168), followed by beef (137) and pork (128). The report shows the most serious meat recalls are on the rise. Among meat and poultry, the number of Class I recalls has increased by 83%, nearly doubling. Class I, the most serious of the recalls, is issued when there is a reasonable probability that the food will cause health problems or death.53. When would Class I recalls be issued?A. When the food is likely to cause health problems or death.B. When there are too many complaints from customers.C. When the food problem lasts for five years.D. When the product quality is below standard.
We were always encouraged to focus on constructing the most out of the situation ______. A. at hand B. on hand C. in hand D. by hand
Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food (51) it is badly cooked. The way a meal is cooked and served is most important and an (52) served meal will often improve a child’s appetite. Never ask a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never (53) likes and dislikes in front of him or allow anybody else to do so. If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother refuses vegetables in the child’s hearing he is (54) to copy this procedure. Take it (55) granted that he likes everything and he probably will. Nothing healthful should be omitted from the meal because of a (56) dislike. At meal times it is a good idea to give a child a small portion and let him (57) back for a second helping rather than give him as much as he is likely to eat all at once. Do not talk too much to the child (58) meal times, but let him get on with his food, and do not allow him to leave the table immediately after a meal or he will soon learn to swallow his food (59) he can hurry back to his toys. Under (60) circumstances must a child be coaxed or forced to eat.55（）。A. withB. asC. overD. for
1.A:Here is my business card.-|||-B: __-|||-A.Yes,the heat is killing me. B.Wonderful.Is it between-|||-school teams?-|||-C.Thank you for the nice party D.Thanks.This is mine.-|||-2.Alice:Is there any typical Chinese festival you celebrate every year?-|||-Bob: __-|||-A.Yes,the heat is killing me. B. I bet it will.-|||-C.It`s so stuffy and no wind at all. D.Yes,there are many.The-|||-Dragon Boat Festival is one of them.
23．有一串钥匙在沙发上。Aset of keys _______on the sofa./ There is _________on the sofa.24．问李老师要你的书吧。________Ms. Li ________yourbook!25．请给老赵打电话。_________Old Zhao ______13096935553..26．这条蓝色的裤子是他的吗？Isthis pair of trousers _________?27．我的父母在第一张照片里。_______________are in the first photo.28．谢谢你帮助我。Thankyou for ________________./ Thank you for _____________.29．那个女孩姓王。Thegirl’s __________is Wang./ The girl’s ______________is Wang.30．那只小狗叫什么名字？What’s__________the dog? / What’s ____________name?31．今天玩得开心点！___________today! / Have a good time today!32．这有两张漂亮的她家的全家福。Here_______two nice photos of her family.
The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts. Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation. In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal. It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further. The American negotiator’s role becomes that of an impersonal supplier of information and cash. In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator’s position. Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator. Clearly, perceptions and differences in values affect the outcomes of negotiations and the success of negotiators. For Americans to play a more effective role in international business negotiations, they must put forth more effort to improve cross-cultural understanding. [共5题](1)What kind of manager is needed in present international business and foreign investment? [本题2分]A. The man who represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation. B. The man with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. C. The man who is wealthy and impersonal. D. The man who can negotiate with his foreign counterparts.
Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form where necessary.Each word can be used only once. budget defy dilemma diverseloyalty manipulate objectivePerspective tackle urge （1）The ____ of the "upright"message is to ask people to save，while the "permissive"message asks people to spend.（2）If you find yourself in a（n） ____ about what is the right decision for your career，speak to a career counselor.（3）It is important for parents to listen to their children's opinion because they may have a very different ____ on the things they've seen.（4）To cater for the different tastes of athletes from all over the world，the organizers of the Beijing Winter Olympics prepared ____ dishes.（5）If you want to save money for a rainy day making a（n） ____ is the first step you may want to take because it gives you a clear plan.（6）The Chinese legend goes that Yue Fei's mother tattooed four Chinese characters on his back to remind him of the importance of ____ to the nation.（7）When children are addicted to online games，they would often ____ their parents and stay online for hours every day.（8）The report goes on to ____ the technicians to take a more active role in developing the standards of artificial intelligence.
If you_________in a job for several years, you may be able to accumulate a lot of work experience and skills that would be beneficial to your future career development.A. have workedB. had workedC. have been workingD. had been working
The Harry Potter series, written by J.K. Rowling, is perhaps the most popular set of novels of the modern era. With seven books and many successful films to its name, the series has gathered about 15 billion dollars in sales. How did the series become so popular? The reason can be broken down into several areas.The first book in the series was rejected 12 times before it was picked up by Bloomsbury—a small publisher in England. So receiving this contract was Rowling's first step to success. However, getting a book contract does not ensure the success of a book. The story was soon loved by children and adults alike. In light of this, Bloomsbury Publishing published a second version of the books with “adult” (less colorful and more boring) book covers. This made it easier for a full range of ages to enjoy the series.Another factor that worked like a charm was that the publisher and Rowling herself, through the books, conducted midnight releases, promotions, and pre-ordering more readers. Customers who feared that their local bookstore would run out of copies responded by pre-ordering over 700,000 copies before the July 8, 2000 release.What does the underlined word “releases” (Para. 3) mean?A. The activity that frees or expresses energy or emotion.B. The announcement about the book’s publishing information.C. The sales of books that is available only at midnight.
Never before in my career _ _ of an assignment A have l frightened B had I frightened C had I been frightened D have I been frightened
In some families,new adults and kids seem to slip in effortlessly, ____ they have been there all along.A. whileB. thoughC. becauseD. as though
Whenever I have trouble ( ) many problems, I ask Jack for help.A. dealing withB. to deal withC. on dealing withD. deal with
26)Could she picture him ___ politics with her father in the drawing-room at her home ?A. discussingB. to discussC. as to discussD. that discusses
The coming of the railways in the 1830s ________ our society and economic life.A. transferredB. transformedC. transportedD. transmitted
Responsibilities ______becoming a father.A. charge forB. go withC. save forD. go through
Dreams can be a rich source of ___________ for an artist. (inspire)
These drugs are available over-the-counter without a(n)__________. （）A. infectionB. dosageC. prescription
Elder and weaker Mr. Mag paid_visits to his old friends.A. scarceB. rare()C. insufficientD. inadequate