About four billion people, or two-thirds of the world’s population, face severe water shortages during at least one month every year, far more than was previously thought, according to Arjen Y. Hoekstra, a professor of water management at the University of Twente in the Netherlands.In a paper published in the journal Science Advances, Dr. Hoekstra and his colleague Mesfin M. Mekonnen designed a computer model to create what they say is a more accurate picture of water scarcity around the world. Severe water scarcity can lead to crop failure and low crop yields, which could cause food price increases as well as famine and widespread starvation.An area experiences severe water shortage when its farms, industries and households consume double the amount of water available in that area.“That means that groundwater levels are falling, lakes are drying up, less water is flowing in rivers, and water supplies for industry and farmers are threatened,” Dr. Hoekstra said in an email.Not everyone would suffer equally. In more affluent countries, severe water scarcity could mean water rations (定量配给) for showering and gardening, while in very poor countries it could lead to shortages of drinking water.Previous studies had estimated that between 1.7 and 3.1 billion people were affected by extreme water shortages. But according to Dr. Hoekstra, those studies either used measurements that were too general in size or used yearly averages that were not as precise as monthly data.“Freshwater scarcity is a major risk to the global economy, affecting four billion people directly,” Dr. Hoekstra said. “But since the remaining people in the world receive part of their food from the affected areas, it involves us all.”1. What does Dr. Hoekstra find in his research?A) About four billion people suffer severe water shortage every day.B) Computer models are more accurate in tracking water shortage.C) Water shortages were far more than was previously thought. D) Severe water shortage could lead to widespread starvation.2. What does severe water shortage mean according to Dr. Hoekstra?A) It means farms and industries cannot operate normally.B) It means household water supplies are threatened.C) It means that the groundwater levels are falling. D) It means that rivers have been dried up.3. How do water shortages affect wealthier countries?A) There will be a lack of supply in drinking water.B) There will be a fixed amount of water for showering. C) There will be harsh penalties for gardening.D) There will be a decrease in biodiversity.4. What does Dr. Hoekstra say about the previous studies on water shortage?A) The monthly averages they used are not precise.B) The measurements they used are too general in size. C) The estimates they made fail to consider freshwater scarcity.D) The number of people affected by water shortage is not accurate.5. Why does Dr. Hoekstra say the water issue in most affected areas involves us all?A) Because each of us is an integral part of the global ecosystem.B) Because the rest of us receive part of our food from these areas. C) Because the situation in these areas is rather critical and serious.D) Because the global economy has linked all countries and people.

1.2 Replace the underlined part in each of the following sentences with a word or phrase from the-|||-box below.Write your answer in the brackets.Make changes or additions where necessary.-|||-reach out to stumble upon conceal plot .in all in response-|||-as of dispose of abandon profit site hunt-|||-1 Go and talk to people who do not agree with ()-|||-you and see if you can persuade them into 5 The whole class,altogether 50 students,went to-|||-accepting your idea. () watch the football game. ()-|||-2 The candidate made no effort to hide his anxiety 6 These chemical substances,because of their-|||-when waiting for the results of the election. stability,are hard to get rid of. ()-|||-() 7 +amiyin this village had a small piece of land-|||-3 By the end of last month, to grow their own vegetables. ()-|||-behind schedule. () 8 Public schools are not supposed to make money.-|||-4 The stolen car was given up and left on a ()-|||-roadside five miles from the parking space.

Reading a wide variety of books can greatly ________ your knowledge and perspective on different subjects. A. engage B. enlist C. endure D. enhance

digestion familiarity formation originality persuasion rarity transmission （1）In today's digital age，it is hard to imagine the excitement when cables （电缆） were used for telegraph ____ in the 19th century.（2）Over the years，M.and Mrs.Evans have gained greater ____ with the culture and way of life in China.（3）Mount Huangshan is known for its oddly shaped pines，various rock ____ ，seas of clouds，and hot springs.（4）When he was young，he used to copy the style of a famous artist，so there was little ____ in his early works.（5）The value of antiques usually depends on their condition and ____ .（6）Her husband did not like traveling，so it took her a great deal of ____ to make him go on a trip to Africa with her.（7）The skins of vegetables are often rich in fiber，which is important for ____ .

Food and Eating Habits Throughout China' s history ，eating habits have been influenced by many factors such as geography，religion，society and economy.As（1） ____ result，food and eating habits are not only indicative of the social status，but characteristic of one group，differing in regions，（2） ____ （ family），peoples or religions to some extent. The Chinese diet（3） ____ （ emphasize） rice and grains ，followed by fruits，vegetables，nuts and seeds.Food（4） ____ （ make） of wheat flour is the staple （主食） for people living in the north，while rice is the main staple in the south. Chinese people also have a habit of（5） ____ （ consume） green tea，and plant-based alcoholicbeverages （饮料） such as rice wine，beer and grain liquor moderately.The typical Chinese alcoholic beverage is baijiu，（6） ____ is made from various grains.（7） ____ （ additional），Chinese people like to drink hot water or tea with their meals since hot water is helpful for（8） ____ （ digest） according to traditional Chinese medicine. Nowadays，Chinese people like to eat out with relatives and friends during weekends or festivals. A typical meal starts（9） ____ some cold dishes ，like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with garlic，followed by the main courses，including hot meat and vegetable dishes.Finally，soup（10） ____ （bring） onto the table，followed by the staple food，rice，noodles，or sometimes dumplings.

Hardly had he finished his speech ______ the audience started cheering.A. andB. whenC. thanD. as

I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into ______ when judging my examination.A. regardB. countingC. accountD. observation

It used to be said that English people take their pleasure sadly. No doubt this would still be true if they had any pleasure to take, but the price of alcohol and tobacco in my country has provided sufficient external causes for melancholy. I have sometimes thought that the habit of taking pleasure sadly has crossed the Atlantic, and I have wondered what it is that makes so many English-speaking people somber in their outlook in spite of good health and a good income. In the course of my travels in the American I have been impressed by a kind of fundamental malaise which seems to me extremely common and which poses difficult problems for the social reformer. Most social reformers have held the opinion that, if poverty were abolished and there were no more economic insecurity, the millennium would have arriver[ But when I look at the face of people in opulent cars, whether in your country or in mine, I do not see that look of radiant happiness which the aforesaid social reformers had led me to expect In nine cases out of ten, I see instead a look of boredom and discontent and an almost frantic longing for something that might tickle the jaded palate. But it is not only the very rich who suffer in this way. Professional men very frequently feel hopeless thwarted. There is something that they long to do or some public object that they long to work for. But if they were to indulge their wishes in these respects, they fear that they would lose their livelihood. Their wives am equally unsatisfied, for their neighbor, Mrs. So-and-So, has gone ahead more quickly, has a better car, a larger apartment and grander friends. Life for almost everybody is a long competitive struggle where very few can win the race, and those who do not win are unhappy. On social occasions when it is de rigueur to seem cheerful, the necessary demeanor is stimulated by alcohol. But the gaiety does not ring true and anybody who has just one drink too many is apt to lapse into lachrymose melancholy. One finds this sort of thing only among English-speaking people. A Frenchman while he is abusing the Government is as gay as a lark. So is an Italian while he is telling you how his neighbor has swindled him. Mexicans, when they are not actually starving or actually being murdered, sing ad dance and enjoy sunshine and food and drink with a gusto which is very rare north of the Mexican frontier. When Andrew Jackson conquered Pensacola from the Spaniards, it was Sunday. She pointed out the scandal to her husband, who decreed that cheerfulness must cease forthwith. And it did. When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many American from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. The one that goes least deep is the necessity for subservience in some large organization, If you are an energetic man with strong views as to the right way of doing the job with which you are concerned, you find yourself invariable under the orders of some big man at the top who is elderly, weary and cynical. Whenever you have a bright idea, the boss puts a stopper on it. The mom energetic you are and the more vision you have, the more you will suffer from the impossibility of doing any of the things that you feel ought to be done. When you go home and moan to your wife, she tells you that you are a silly fellow and that if you became the proper sort of yes--- man your income would soon be doubled, If you try divorce and remarriage it is very unlikely that there will be any change in this respect. And .so you are condemned to gastric ulcers and premature old age. It was not always so. When Dr. Johnson complied his dictionary, he compiled it as he thought fit. When he felt like saying that oats is food for men in Scotland and horses in England, he said so. When he defined a fishing-rod as a stick with a fish at one end and a fool at the other, there was nobody to point out to him that a remark of this sort would damage the sale of his great work among fishermen. But if, in the present day, you are (let us say) a contributor to an encyclopedia, there is an editorial policy which is solemn, wise, and prudent, which allows no room for jokes, no place for personal preferences and no tolerance for idiosyncrasies. Everything has to be flattened out except where the prejudices of the editor are concerned. To these you must conform, however, little you may share them. And so you have to be content with dollars instead of creative satisfaction. And the dollars, alas, leave you sad. This brings me to major cause of unhappiness, which is that most people in America act not on impulse but on some principle, and that principles upon which people act are usually faxed upon a false psychology and a false ethic. There is a general theory as to what makes for happiness and this theory is false. Life is concerned as a competitive struggle in which felicity consists in getting ahead of your neighbor. The joys which are not competitive are forgotten. Now, I will not for a moment deny that getting ahead of your neighbor is delightful, but it is not the only delight of which human beings are capable. There are innumerable things which are not competitive. It is possible to enjoy food and drink without having to reflect that you have a better cook and better wine merchant than your former friends whom you are learning to cold- shoulder. It is possible to be fond of your wife and your children without reflecting how much better she dressed than Mrs. So-and- So and how much better they are at athletic than the children of that old stick-in-the-mud Mr. Such-and-Such. There are those who can enjoy music without thinking how cultured other ladies in their women’s club will be thinking them. There are even people who can enjoy a fine day in spite of the fact that the sun shines on everybody. All these simple pleasures are destroyed as soon as competitiveness gets the upper hand. But it is not only competitiveness that is the trouble. I could imagine a person who has turned against competitiveness and can only enjoy after conscious rejection of the competitive element. Such a person, seeing the sunshine in the morning, says to himself, "Yes, I may enjoy this and indeed I must, for it is a joy open to all." And however bored he may become with the sunshine he goes on persuading himself that he is enjoying it because he thinks he ought to. "But," you will ask, "are you maintaining that our actions ought to be governed by moral principles " Are you suggesting that every whim and every impulse should be given free rein Do you consider that if So-and-So’s nose annoys you by being too long, that gives you a right to tweak it " "Sir," you will continue with indignation," your doctrine is one which would uproot all the sources of morality and loosen all the bonds which hold society together. Only self-restraint, self-repression, iron self-control make it possible to endure the abominable beings among whom we have to live, No, sir! Better misery and gastric ulcers than such chaos as your doctrine would produce. I will admit at once that there is force in this objection. I have seen many noses that I should have liked to tweak, but never once have I yielded to the impulse. But this, like everything else, is a matter of degree. If you always yield to impulse, you are mad. If you never yield to impulse, you gradually dry up and very likely become mad to boot. In a life which is to be healthy and happy, impulse, though mot allowed to run riot, must have sufficient scope to remain alive and to preserve that variety and diversity of interest which is natural to a human being. A life lived on a principle, no matter what, is too narrowly determined, too systematic and uniform, to be happy. However much you care about success, you should have times when you are merely enjoying life without a thought of subsequence. However proud you may be, as president of a women’s club, of your impeccable culture, you should not be ashamed of reading a low-brow book if you want to. A life which is all principle is a life on rail. The rails may help toward rapid locomotion, but preclude the joy of wandering. Man spent some million years wandering before he invented rails, and his happiness still demands some reminiscence of the earlier ages of freedom.Who are easy to feel melancholy according to the writer A．MexicansB．professionalC．English-speaking peopleD．B and C

A post F consent K insistsB hence G afforded L lobby C consists H awarding M resent D omitted I criticism N compassE evil J however O rewarding The animal rights movement is a social movement which seeks an end to using animals in the research, food, clothing, and entertainment industries, 1 being called animal liberation. It advocates the idea that the most basic interests of non-human creatures should be 2 the same consideration us those of human beings. Advocates 3 animal rights from different aspects, ranging from the focus on animal suffering in laboratories to the argument that 4 on not casting animals as properties of human beings. Despite the different approaches, advocates broadly 5 to the opinion that animals should be viewed as non-human members of the moral community and should be 6 from being food, clothing, entertainment, or research subjects. The idea of 7 rights to animals wins the support of several prominent scholars. However some critics argue that animals are unable to enter into a social contract or moral 8 and for that reason cannot be granted rights. Only humans have duties and, therefore, only humans have rights. There is nothing wrong or 9 about using animals as resources so long as there is no unnecessary suffering. From within the animal rights movement itself, there has also been 10 of certain forms of animal rights activism, in particular the destruction of fur farms and animal laboratories.

A． apply B． supposed C． accurate D． consume E． existing F． maintainG． options H． nature I． sensitive J． address K． willingness A recent troubling study showed that "fake news" spread significantly faster， deeper and more broadly than the truth， and the effect is even more remarkable when regarding news as opposed to reporting on natural disasters， finance or science． So how can we encourage individuals to seek （1） ____ online content？ Leading scholars are trying hard to deal with this question． Processing new information requires a considerable mental effort， especially when that information seems to conflict with your （2） ____ worldview． It takes the （3） ____ to admit you may be wrong． But with a great amount of conflicting information available， who's to say what's actually true and what's false？ If you can't tell， why not just make life easy and go with what supports your current beliefs？ So what （4） ____ do we have？ Many suggest that we can （5） ____ the issue by reforming adult behavior， but this is aiming too far from source． An alternative solution is using early education to help individuals recognize these problems and （6） ____ critical thinking to the information they deal with． Currently， there is a push in the US to include Internet information classes into primary and secondary school curriculums． The movement， which has received some support， aims to make fact-checking seem like second （7） ____ to individuals at an early age． Primary and secondary school are （8） ____ to be supplying students with the skills they need to develop into productive and informed members of our society． As our society develops， the curriculum we are teaching our students needs to develop as well． The Internet is an amazing tool， but to use it most effectively we have to accept its benefits while also understanding the ways in which it makes us dangerously （9） ____ ． If students are still learning the practices such as writing in school， shouldn't they be learning how to （10） ____ the Internet responsibly as well？