3.[单选题] 曲线ρ=sin^3(θ)/(3)(0≤θ≤(π)/(2))的弧长为()A. (π)/(4)+(3sqrt(3))/(8)B. (π)/(2)+(3sqrt(3))/(4)C. (π)/(2)-(3sqrt(3))/(4)D. (π)/(4)-(3sqrt(3))/(8)
A. $\frac{π}{4}+\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{8}$
B. $\frac{π}{2}+\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{4}$
C. $\frac{π}{2}-\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{4}$
D. $\frac{π}{4}-\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{8}$
题目解答
答案
解析
本题考查极坐标下曲线弧长的计算。解题思路是先明确极坐标下曲线弧长的计算公式,再对给定的曲线方程求导,然后将曲线方程及其导数代入弧长公式进行积分计算。
步骤一:明确极坐标下曲线弧长公式
对于极坐标方程$\rho = \rho(\theta)$,其弧长公式为$s = \int_{\alpha}^{\beta} \sqrt{\rho^{2}(\theta) + (\rho'(\theta))^{2}} d\theta$,其中$\alpha$和$\beta$是$\theta$的取值范围。
步骤二:求$\rho(\theta)$的导数$\rho'(\theta)$
已知$\rho = \sin^{3}\frac{\theta}{3}$,根据复合函数求导法则$(u^n)^\prime = nu^{n - 1}u^\prime$,令$u = \sin\frac{\theta}{3}$,则$\rho^\prime = 3\sin^{2}\frac{\theta}{3} \cdot (\sin\frac{\theta}{3})^\prime$。
对$\sin\frac{\theta}{3}$求导,根据$(\sin x)^\prime = \cos x$和复合函数求导法则,可得$(\sin\frac{\theta}{3})^\prime = \cos\frac{\theta}{3} \cdot (\frac{\theta}{3})^\prime = \frac{1}{3}\cos\frac{\theta}{3}$。
所以$\rho^\prime = 3\sin^{2}\frac{\theta}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{3}\cos\frac{\theta}{3} = \sin^{2}\frac{\theta}{3}\cos\frac{\theta}{3}$。
步骤三:计算$\rho^{2}(\theta) + (\rho'(\theta))^{2}$
$\rho^{2} = (\sin^{3}\frac{\theta}{3})^{2} = \sin^{6}\frac{\theta}{3}$
$(\rho')^{2} = (\sin^{2}\frac{\theta}{3}\cos\frac{\theta}{3})^{2} = \sin^{4}\frac{\theta}{3}\cos^{2}\frac{\theta}{3}$
则$\rho^{2} + (\rho')^{2} = \sin^{6}\frac{\theta}{3} + \sin^{4}\frac{\theta}{3}\cos^{2}\frac{\theta}{3} = \sin^{4}\frac{\theta}{3}(\sin^{2}\frac{\theta}{3} + \cos^{2}\frac{\theta}{3})$
根据三角函数的平方关系$\sin^{2}x + \cos^{2}x = 1$,可得$\rho^{2} + (\rho')^{2} = \sin^{4}\frac{\theta}{3}$。
步骤四:计算弧长$s$
将$\rho^{2} + (\rho')^{2} = \sin^{4}\frac{\theta}{3}$代入弧长公式$s = \int_{\alpha}^{\beta} \sqrt{\rho^{2}(\theta) + (\rho'(\theta))^{2}} d\theta$,其中$\alpha = 0$,$\beta = \frac{\pi}{2}$,可得:
$s = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \sqrt{\sin^{4}\frac{\theta}{3}} d\theta = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \sin^{2}\frac{\theta}{3} d\theta$
根据三角函数的二倍角公式$\sin^{2}x = \frac{1 - \cos 2x}{2}$,则$\sin^{2}\frac{\theta}{3} = \frac{1 - \cos\frac{2\theta}{3}}{2}$。
所以$s = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{1 - \cos\frac{2\theta}{3}}{2} d\theta = \frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} (1 - \cos\frac{2\theta}{3}) d\theta$
根据积分的线性性质$\int (f(x) - g(x))dx = \int f(x)dx - \int g(x)dx$,可得:
$s = \frac{1}{2} \left(\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} 1 d\theta - \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \cos\frac{2\theta}{3} d\theta\right)$
对于$\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} 1 d\theta$,根据积分公式$\int 1dx = x + C$,可得$\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} 1 d\theta = \theta\big|_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} = \frac{\pi}{2} - 0 = \frac{\pi}{2}$。
对于$\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \cos\frac{2\theta}{3} d\theta$,令$u = \frac{2\theta}{3}$,则$du = \frac{2}{3}d\theta$,$d\theta = \frac{3}{2}du$。
当$\theta = 0$时,$u = 0$;当$\theta = \frac{\pi}{2}$时,$u = \frac{\pi}{3}$。
所以$\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \cos\frac{2\theta}{3} d\theta = \frac{3}{2} \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} \cos u du = \frac{3}{2} \sin u\big|_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} = \frac{3}{2} (\sin\frac{\pi}{3} - \sin 0) = \frac{3}{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} = \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{4}$。
则$s = \frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{4}\right) = \frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{8}$。