6.方程xy'+y=2sqrt(xy)的通解为
题目解答
答案
令 $y = vx$,则 $y' = v'x + v$。代入原方程得:
$x(v'x + v) + vx = 2\sqrt{x(vx)} \implies x^2v' + 2vx = 2x\sqrt{v}.$
两边除以 $x$($x \neq 0$):
$xv' + 2v = 2\sqrt{v} \implies xv' = 2(\sqrt{v} - v).$
分离变量:
$\frac{dv}{2(\sqrt{v} - v)} = \frac{dx}{x}.$
令 $u = \sqrt{v}$,则 $dv = 2u \, du$,代入得:
$\frac{2u \, du}{2(u - u^2)} = \frac{dx}{x} \implies \frac{du}{1 - u} = \frac{dx}{x}.$
积分两边:
$\ln\left|\frac{1}{1 - u}\right| = \ln|x| + C \implies \frac{1}{1 - u} = Kx,$
其中 $K = e^C$。解得:
$u = 1 - \frac{1}{Kx} \implies v = \left(1 - \frac{1}{Kx}\right)^2.$
代回 $y = vx$:
$y = x\left(1 - \frac{1}{Kx}\right)^2 = \frac{(Kx - 1)^2}{K^2x}.$
或等价表示:
$y = x\left(1 - \frac{C}{x}\right)^2,$
其中 $C = \frac{1}{K}$ 为任意非零常数。
答案:
$\boxed{y = x\left(1 - \frac{C}{x}\right)^2}$