题目
6.设闭区域D:x²+y²≤y,x≥0,f(x,y)为D上的连续函数,且f(x,y)=sqrt(1-x^2)-y^(2)-(8)/(pi)iintlimits_(D)f(u,v)dudv.求f(x,y).
6.设闭区域D:x²+y²≤y,x≥0,f(x,y)为D上的连续函数,且
$f(x,y)=\sqrt{1-x^{2}-y^{2}}-\frac{8}{\pi}\iint\limits_{D}f(u,v)dudv.$
求f(x,y).
题目解答
答案
设 $ A = \iint_D f(u, v) \, du \, dv $,则
$f(x, y) = \sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2} - \frac{8}{\pi} A.$
对两边在 $ D $ 上积分得
$A = \iint_D \sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2} \, dx \, dy - A,$
其中 $ D $ 的面积为 $ \frac{\pi}{8} $。计算得
$\iint_D \sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2} \, dx \, dy = \frac{\pi}{6} - \frac{2}{9},$
解得 $ A = \frac{\pi}{12} - \frac{1}{9} $。代入得
$f(x, y) = \sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2} - \frac{2}{3} + \frac{8}{9\pi}.$
答案:
$\boxed{\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2} - \frac{2}{3} + \frac{8}{9\pi}}$
解析
本题考查二重积分的计算以及利用二重积分的性质求解未知函数。解题的关键思路是通过设$\iint\limits_{D}f(u,v)dudv$为一个常数$A$,将原方程转化为关于$A$的方程,然后计算出$A$的值,进而得到$f(x,y)$的表达式。具体步骤如下:
- 设常数并化简方程:
设$A = \iint\limits_{D}f(u,v)dudv$,因为$A$是一个常数,所以原方程$f(x,y)=\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}-\frac{8}{\pi}\iint\limits_{D}f(u,v)dudv$可化为$f(x,y)=\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}-\frac{8}{\pi}A$。 - 对化简后的方程两边在区域$D$上积分:
对$f(x,y)=\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}-\frac{8}{\pi}A$两边在区域$D$上进行二重积分,根据二重积分的性质可得:
$\iint\limits_{D}f(x,y)dxdy=\iint\limits_{D}\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}dxdy-\frac{8}{\pi}A\iint\limits_{D}dxdy$
由于$A = \iint\limits_{D}f(u,v)dudv=\iint\limits_{D}f(x,y)dxdy$,且区域$D$:$x^2 + y^2 \leq y$,$x\geq0$,将其化为极坐标方程:
$x = r\cos\theta$,$y = r\sin\theta$,则$x^2 + y^2 = r^2$,$y = r\sin\theta$,区域$D$可表示为$r^2\leq r\sin\theta$,即$r\leq\sin\theta$,又因为$x\geq0$,所以$0\leq\theta\leq\frac{\pi}{2}$。
区域$D$的面积$\iint\limits_{D}dxdy=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}d\theta\int_{0}^{\sin\theta}r dr$
先计算内层积分$\int_{0}^{\sin\theta}r dr=\left[\frac{1}{2}r^2\right]_{0}^{\sin\theta}=\frac{1}{2}\sin^2\theta$
再计算外层积分$\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\frac{1}{2}\sin^2\theta d\theta=\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\frac{1 - \cos2\theta}{2}d\theta$
$=\frac{1}{4}\left[\theta - \frac{1}{2}\sin2\theta\right]_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}=\frac{1}{4}\times\frac{\pi}{2}=\frac{\pi}{8}$
所以$A = \iint\limits_{D}\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}dxdy-\frac{8}{\pi}A\times\frac{\pi}{8}$,即$A = \iint\limits_{D}\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}dxdy - A$。 - 计算$\iint\limits_{D}\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}dxdy$:
在极坐标下$\iint\limits_{D}\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}dxdy=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}d\theta\int_{0}^{\sin\theta}\sqrt{1 - r^2}r dr$
令$t = 1 - r^2$,则$dt = -2r dr$,当$r = 0$时,$t = 1$;当$r = \sin\theta$时,$t = 1 - \sin^2\theta = \cos^2\theta$。
则$\int_{0}^{\sin\theta}\sqrt{1 - r^2}r dr=-\frac{1}{2}\int_{1}^{\cos^2\theta}\sqrt{t}dt=\frac{1}{2}\int_{\cos^2\theta}^{1}\sqrt{t}dt$
$=\frac{1}{2}\times\frac{2}{3}t^{\frac{3}{2}}\big|_{\cos^2\theta}^{1}=\frac{1}{3}(1 - \cos^3\theta)$
所以$\iint\limits_{D}\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}dxdy=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\frac{1}{3}(1 - \cos^3\theta)d\theta=\frac{1}{3}\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}d\theta-\frac{1}{3}\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^3\theta d\theta$
$\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}d\theta=\frac{\pi}{2}$
对于$\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^3\theta d\theta=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^2\theta\cdot\cos\theta d\theta=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}(1 - \sin^2\theta)d(\sin\theta)$
令$u = \sin\theta$,则$\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}(1 - \sin^2\theta)d(\sin\theta)=\int_{0}^{1}(1 - u^2)du=\left[u - \frac{1}{3}u^3\right]_{0}^{1}=1 - \frac{1}{3}=\frac{2}{3}$
所以$\iint\limits_{D}\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}dxdy=\frac{1}{3}\times\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{1}{3}\times\frac{2}{3}=\frac{\pi}{6}-\frac{2}{9}$ - 求解$A$:
将$\iint\limits_{D}\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}dxdy=\frac{\pi}{6}-\frac{2}{9}$代入$A = \iint\limits_{D}\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}dxdy - A$可得:
$A=\frac{\pi}{6}-\frac{2}{9}-A$
移项可得$2A=\frac{\pi}{6}-\frac{2}{9}$,解得$A = \frac{\pi}{12}-\frac{1}{9}$ - 求出$f(x,y)$:
将$A = \frac{\pi}{12}-\frac{1}{9}$代入$f(x,y)=\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}-\frac{8}{\pi}A$可得:
$f(x,y)=\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}-\frac{8}{\pi}(\frac{\pi}{12}-\frac{1}{9})=\sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}-\frac{2}{3}+\frac{8}{9\pi}$