题目
6、求微分方程(dy)/(dx)+(y)/(x)=(sin x)/(x),y|_(x=pi)=1的特解.
6、求微分方程$\frac{dy}{dx}+\frac{y}{x}=\frac{\sin x}{x},y|_{x=\pi}=1$的特解.
题目解答
答案
该微分方程为一阶线性方程,形式为 $\frac{dy}{dx} + P(x)y = Q(x)$,其中 $P(x) = \frac{1}{x}$,$Q(x) = \frac{\sin x}{x}$。根据通解公式:
$y = e^{-\int P(x)dx} \left( \int Q(x)e^{\int P(x)dx}dx + C \right)$
代入 $P(x)$ 和 $Q(x)$,得:
$y = e^{-\int \frac{1}{x}dx} \left( \int \frac{\sin x}{x} e^{\int \frac{1}{x}dx} dx + C \right) = e^{-\ln x} \left( \int \frac{\sin x}{x} \cdot x \, dx + C \right) = \frac{1}{x} \left( \int \sin x \, dx + C \right)$
计算积分 $\int \sin x \, dx = -\cos x$,故:
$y = \frac{1}{x} (-\cos x + C)$
由初始条件 $y|_{x=\pi} = 1$,代入得:
$1 = \frac{1}{\pi} (-\cos \pi + C) = \frac{1}{\pi} (1 + C) \implies C = \pi - 1$
因此,特解为:
$y = \frac{1}{x} (\pi - 1 - \cos x) = \frac{\pi - 1 - \cos x}{x}$
答案:
$y = \frac{\pi - 1 - \cos x}{x}$