题目
设lim _(x arrow 0)(1+x+(f(x))/(x))^(1)/(x)=e^3,则lim _(x arrow 0)(1+(f(x))/(x))^(1)/(x)=______
设$\lim _{x \rightarrow 0}\left(1+x+\frac{f(x)}{x}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}=e^{3}$,则$\lim _{x \rightarrow 0}\left(1+\frac{f(x)}{x}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}=$______
题目解答
答案
由已知条件 $\lim_{x \to 0} \left(1 + x + \frac{f(x)}{x}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}} = e^3$,取对数得
\[
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{x} \ln\left(1 + x + \frac{f(x)}{x}\right) = 3.
\]
利用等价无穷小 $\ln(1+u) \sim u$(当 $u \to 0$),有
\[
\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{x} \left(x + \frac{f(x)}{x}\right) = 3 \implies \lim_{x \to 0} \left(1 + \frac{f(x)}{x^2}\right) = 3 \implies \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{f(x)}{x^2} = 2.
\]
对于所求极限,同样取对数得
\[
\ln M = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{x} \ln\left(1 + \frac{f(x)}{x}\right) \sim \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{f(x)}{x} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{f(x)}{x^2} = 2.
\]
因此,$M = e^2$。
答案:$\boxed{e^2}$
解析
本题主要考查重要极限$\lim\limits_{u \to 0}(1 + u)^{\frac{1}{u}} = e$以及等价无穷小的应用。解题的关键思路是通过对已知极限式子取对数,利用等价无穷小简化式子,求出$\lim\limits_{x \to 0}\frac{f(x)}{x^2}$的值,再用同样的方法处理所求极限式子。
- 对已知极限式子取对数并化简:
已知$\lim\limits_{x \to 0}\left(1 + x + \frac{f(x)}{x}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}} = e^3$,根据对数的性质$a = e^{\ln a}$,对等式两边取自然对数可得:
$\lim\limits_{x \to 0}\frac{1}{x}\ln\left(1 + x + \frac{f(x)}{x}\right) = \ln\left(\lim\limits_{x \to 0}\left(1 + x + \frac{f(x)}{x}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}}\right)=\ln e^3 = 3$
当$u \to 0$时,等价无穷小$\ln(1 + u) \sim u$。因为当$x \to 0$时,$x + \frac{f(x)}{x} \to 0$,所以$\ln\left(1 + x + \frac{f(x)}{x}\right) \sim x + \frac{f(x)}{x}$,则有:
$\lim\limits_{x \to 0}\frac{1}{x}\left(x + \frac{f(x)}{x}\right) = 3$
将上式展开可得:
$\lim\limits_{x \to 0}\left(1 + \frac{f(x)}{x^2}\right) = 3$
根据极限的四则运算法则,可得:
$\lim\limits_{x \to 0}\frac{f(x)}{x^2} = 3 - 1 = 2$ - 对所求极限式子取对数并化简:
设$\lim\limits_{x \to 0}\left(1 + \frac{f(x)}{x}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}} = M$,同样对等式两边取自然对数可得:
$\ln M = \lim\limits_{x \to 0}\frac{1}{x}\ln\left(1 + \frac{f(x)}{x}\right)$
当$x \to 0$时,$\frac{f(x)}{x} \to 0$,根据等价无穷小$\ln(1 + u) \sim u$,可得$\ln\left(1 + \frac{f(x)}{x}\right) \sim \frac{f(x)}{x}$,则有:
$\ln M \sim \lim\limits_{x \to 0}\frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{f(x)}{x} = \lim\limits_{x \to 0}\frac{f(x)}{x^2}$
由步骤1可知$\lim\limits_{x \to 0}\frac{f(x)}{x^2} = 2$,所以$\ln M = 2$。 - 求出所求极限的值:
因为$\ln M = 2$,根据对数与指数的关系$M = e^{\ln M}$,可得$M = e^2$,即$\lim\limits_{x \to 0}\left(1 + \frac{f(x)}{x}\right)^{\frac{1}{x}} = e^2$。