求下列各极限:(1) lim_((x,y) to (0,1)) (1 - xy)/(x^2 + y^2);(2) lim_((x,y) to (1,0)) (ln(x + e^y))/(sqrt(x^2 + y^2));(3) lim_((x,y) to (0,0)) (2 - sqrt(xy + 4))/(xy);(4) lim_((x,y) to (0,0)) (xy)/(sqrt(2 - e^xy)) - 1(5) lim_((x,y) to (2,0)) (tan(xy))/(y);(6) lim_((x,y) to (0,0)) (1 - cos(x^2 + y^2))/((x^2 + y^2) e^x^2 y^2).
求下列各极限: (1) $\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,1)} \frac{1 - xy}{x^2 + y^2}$; (2) $\lim_{(x,y) \to (1,0)} \frac{\ln(x + e^y)}{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}}$; (3) $\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} \frac{2 - \sqrt{xy + 4}}{xy}$; (4) $\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} \frac{xy}{\sqrt{2 - e^{xy}} - 1}$ (5) $\lim_{(x,y) \to (2,0)} \frac{\tan(xy)}{y}$; (6) $\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} \frac{1 - \cos(x^2 + y^2)}{(x^2 + y^2) e^{x^2 y^2}}$.
题目解答
答案
我们来逐题分析并求解这些多元函数的极限。
(1)
$\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,1)} \frac{1 - xy}{x^2 + y^2}$
解题过程:
直接代入极限点 $(x, y) = (0, 1)$:
- 分子:$1 - xy = 1 - 0 \cdot 1 = 1$
- 分母:$x^2 + y^2 = 0^2 + 1^2 = 1$
所以:
$\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,1)} \frac{1 - xy}{x^2 + y^2} = \frac{1}{1} = \boxed{1}$
(2)
$\lim_{(x,y) \to (1,0)} \frac{\ln(x + e^y)}{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}}$
解题过程:
代入 $(x, y) = (1, 0)$:
- 分子:$\ln(x + e^y) = \ln(1 + e^0) = \ln(1 + 1) = \ln 2$
- 分母:$\sqrt{x^2 + y^2} = \sqrt{1^2 + 0^2} = 1$
所以:
$\lim_{(x,y) \to (1,0)} \frac{\ln(x + e^y)}{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}} = \frac{\ln 2}{1} = \boxed{\ln 2}$
(3)
$\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} \frac{2 - \sqrt{xy + 4}}{xy}$
解题过程:
这是一个 $ \frac{0}{0} $ 型不定式,考虑有理化分子:
$\frac{2 - \sqrt{xy + 4}}{xy} \cdot \frac{2 + \sqrt{xy + 4}}{2 + \sqrt{xy + 4}} = \frac{(2 - \sqrt{xy + 4})(2 + \sqrt{xy + 4})}{xy(2 + \sqrt{xy + 4})}$
分子展开:
$(2 - \sqrt{xy + 4})(2 + \sqrt{xy + 4}) = 4 - (xy + 4) = -xy$
所以:
$\frac{-xy}{xy(2 + \sqrt{xy + 4})} = \frac{-1}{2 + \sqrt{xy + 4}}$
当 $(x, y) \to (0, 0)$ 时,$xy \to 0$,所以:
$\sqrt{xy + 4} \to \sqrt{4} = 2$
因此:
$\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} \frac{2 - \sqrt{xy + 4}}{xy} = \lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} \frac{-1}{2 + \sqrt{xy + 4}} = \frac{-1}{2 + 2} = \boxed{-\frac{1}{4}}$
(4)
$\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} \frac{xy}{\sqrt{2 - e^{xy}} - 1}$
解题过程:
令 $t = xy$,则当 $(x, y) \to (0, 0)$ 时,$t \to 0$。极限变为:
$\lim_{t \to 0} \frac{t}{\sqrt{2 - e^t} - 1}$
这个也是 $ \frac{0}{0} $ 型,使用洛必达法则:
$\lim_{t \to 0} \frac{t}{\sqrt{2 - e^t} - 1} = \lim_{t \to 0} \frac{1}{\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2 - e^t}} \cdot (-e^t)} = \lim_{t \to 0} \frac{1}{\frac{-e^t}{2\sqrt{2 - e^t}}}$
化简:
$= \lim_{t \to 0} \frac{2\sqrt{2 - e^t}}{-e^t}$
代入 $t = 0$:
- 分子:$2\sqrt{2 - e^0} = 2\sqrt{2 - 1} = 2$
- 分母:$-e^0 = -1$
所以极限为:
$\frac{2}{-1} = \boxed{-2}$
(5)
$\lim_{(x,y) \to (2,0)} \frac{\tan(xy)}{y}$
解题过程:
令 $t = xy$,当 $(x, y) \to (2, 0)$ 时,$t \to 0$。极限变为:
$\lim_{t \to 0} \frac{\tan t}{t} \cdot x = 1 \cdot 2 = \boxed{2}$
(6)
$\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} \frac{1 - \cos(x^2 + y^2)}{(x^2 + y^2) e^{x^2 y^2}}$
解题过程:
令 $r^2 = x^2 + y^2$,当 $(x, y) \to (0, 0)$ 时,$r \to 0$。则:
$\lim_{r \to 0} \frac{1 - \cos(r^2)}{r^2 e^{x^2 y^2}}$
注意到 $x^2 y^2 \leq r^4$,所以 $e^{x^2 y^2} \to e^0 = 1$,因此:
$\lim_{r \to 0} \frac{1 - \cos(r^2)}{r^2} \cdot \frac{1}{e^{x^2 y^2}} = \lim_{r \to 0} \frac{1 - \cos(r^2)}{r^2} \cdot 1$
利用极限公式:
$\lim_{r \to 0} \frac{1 - \cos(r^2)}{r^2} = \lim_{r \to 0} \frac{2 \sin^2(r^2/2)}{r^2} = \frac{2 \cdot (r^2/2)^2}{r^2} = \frac{r^4/2}{r^2} = \frac{r^2}{2} \to 0$
或者直接使用:
$\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1 - \cos x}{x} = 0$
所以:
$\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} \frac{1 - \cos(x^2 + y^2)}{(x^2 + y^2) e^{x^2 y^2}} = \boxed{0}$
✅ 最终答案汇总:
- $\boxed{1}$
- $\boxed{\ln 2}$
- $\boxed{-\frac{1}{4}}$
- $\boxed{-2}$
- $\boxed{2}$
- $\boxed{0}$
解析
本题主要考察多元函数极限的计算,涉及直接代入法、有理化、变量替换、洛必达法则以及等价无穷小替换等方法,具体如下:
(1) $\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,1)} \frac{1 - xy}{x^2 + y^2}$
思路:极限点 $(0,1)$ 为函数的连续点,直接代入计算。
- 分子:$1 - xy = 1 - 0 \cdot 1 = 1$
- 分母:$x^2 + y^2 = 0^2 + 1^2 = 1$
- 极限:$\frac{1}{1} = 1$
(2) $\lim_{(x,y) \to (1,0)} \frac{\ln(x + e^y)}{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}}$
思路:极限点 $(1,0)$ 为函数的连续点,直接代入计算。
- 分子:$\ln(x + e^y) = \ln(1 + e^0) = \ln 2$
- 分母:$\sqrt{x^2 + y^2} = \sqrt{1^2 + 0^2} = 1$
- 极限:$\frac{\ln 2}{1} = \ln 2$
(3) $\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} \frac{2 - \sqrt{xy + 4}}{xy}$
思路:$\frac{0}{0}$ 型不定式,通过有理化分子化简。
- 分子有理化:$\frac{2 - \sqrt{xy + 4}}{xy} \cdot \frac{2 + \sqrt{xy + 4}}{2 + \sqrt{xy + 4}} = \frac{4 - (xy + 4)}{xy(2 + \sqrt{xy + 4})} = \frac{-xy}{xy(2 + \sqrt{xy + 4})} = \frac{-1}{2 + \sqrt{xy + 4}}$
- 代入极限:$\frac{-1}{2 + \sqrt{0 + 4}} = \frac{-1}{4}$
(4) $\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} \frac{xy}{\sqrt{2 - e^{xy}} - 1}$
思路:$\frac{0}{0}$ 型不定式,变量替换 $t = xy$ 后用洛必达法则。
- 令 $t = xy$,则极限变为 $\lim_{t \to 0} \frac{t}{\sqrt{2 - e^t} - 1}$
- 洛必达法则:分子导数为 $1$,分母导数为 $\frac{-e^t}{2\sqrt{2 - e^t}}$,化简得 $\lim_{t \to 0} \frac{2\sqrt{2 - e^t}}{-e^t} = \frac{2\sqrt{1}}{-1} = -2$
(5) $\lim_{(x,y) \to (2,0)} \frac{\tan(xy)}{y}$
思路:变量替换 $t = xy$,利用 $\lim_{t \to 0} \frac{\tan t}{t} = 1$。
- 令 $t = xy$,则极限变为 $\lim_{t \to 0} \frac{\tan t}{t} \cdot x = 1 \cdot 2 = 2$
(6) $\lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} \frac{1 - \cos(x^2 + y^2)}{(x^2 + y^2) e^{x^2 y^2}}$
思路:利用等价无穷小 $1 - \cos u \sim \frac{u^2}{2}$($u \to 0$)。
- 令 $u = x^2 + y^2$,则 $1 - \cos u \sim \frac{u^2}{2}$,原式化为 $\lim_{u \to 0} \frac{\frac{u^2}{2}}{u e^{x^2 y^2}} = \lim_{u \to 0} \frac{u}{2 e^{x^2 y^2}} = 0$