题目
28.求一个正交变换化下列二次型成标准形:-|||-(1) =2({x)_(1)}^2+3({x)_(2)}^2+3({x)_(3)}^2+4(x)_(2)(x)_(3) ;-|||-(2) =({x)_(1)}^2+({x)_(3)}^2+2(x)_(1)(x)_(2)-2(x)_(2)(x)_(3)

题目解答
答案

解析
步骤 1:确定二次型的矩阵表示
对于二次型 $f=2{{x}_{1}}^{2}+3{{x}_{2}}^{2}+3{{x}_{3}}^{2}+4{x}_{2}{x}_{3}$,其矩阵表示为:
$$
A = \begin{pmatrix}
2 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 3 & 2 \\
0 & 2 & 3
\end{pmatrix}
$$
对于二次型 $f={{x}_{1}}^{2}+{{x}_{3}}^{2}+2{x}_{1}{x}_{2}-2{x}_{2}{x}_{3}$,其矩阵表示为:
$$
B = \begin{pmatrix}
1 & 1 & 0 \\
1 & 0 & -1 \\
0 & -1 & 1
\end{pmatrix}
$$
步骤 2:求矩阵的特征值和特征向量
对于矩阵 $A$,求特征值和特征向量:
$$
\det(A - \lambda I) = 0
$$
解得特征值 $\lambda_1 = 2$,$\lambda_2 = 5$,$\lambda_3 = 1$,对应的特征向量分别为:
$$
v_1 = \begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
0 \\
0
\end{pmatrix},
v_2 = \begin{pmatrix}
0 \\
1 \\
1
\end{pmatrix},
v_3 = \begin{pmatrix}
0 \\
-1 \\
1
\end{pmatrix}
$$
对于矩阵 $B$,求特征值和特征向量:
$$
\det(B - \lambda I) = 0
$$
解得特征值 $\lambda_1 = 2$,$\lambda_2 = 1$,$\lambda_3 = -1$,对应的特征向量分别为:
$$
v_1 = \begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
1 \\
0
\end{pmatrix},
v_2 = \begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
0 \\
1
\end{pmatrix},
v_3 = \begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
-2 \\
1
\end{pmatrix}
$$
步骤 3:正交化特征向量并标准化
对于矩阵 $A$,正交化特征向量并标准化:
$$
u_1 = \begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
0 \\
0
\end{pmatrix},
u_2 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix}
0 \\
1 \\
1
\end{pmatrix},
u_3 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\begin{pmatrix}
0 \\
-1 \\
1
\end{pmatrix}
$$
对于矩阵 $B$,正交化特征向量并标准化:
$$
u_1 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
1 \\
0
\end{pmatrix},
u_2 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
0 \\
1
\end{pmatrix},
u_3 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
-2 \\
1
\end{pmatrix}
$$
步骤 4:构造正交变换矩阵
对于矩阵 $A$,构造正交变换矩阵 $P$:
$$
P = \begin{pmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-1}{\sqrt{6}} \\
0 & \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}
\end{pmatrix}
$$
对于矩阵 $B$,构造正交变换矩阵 $Q$:
$$
Q = \begin{pmatrix}
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} & \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \\
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & 0 & \frac{-2}{\sqrt{6}} \\
0 & \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} & \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}
\end{pmatrix}
$$
步骤 5:计算标准形
对于矩阵 $A$,计算标准形:
$$
P^TAP = \begin{pmatrix}
2 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 5 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{pmatrix}
$$
对于矩阵 $B$,计算标准形:
$$
Q^TBQ = \begin{pmatrix}
2 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & -1
\end{pmatrix}
$$
对于二次型 $f=2{{x}_{1}}^{2}+3{{x}_{2}}^{2}+3{{x}_{3}}^{2}+4{x}_{2}{x}_{3}$,其矩阵表示为:
$$
A = \begin{pmatrix}
2 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 3 & 2 \\
0 & 2 & 3
\end{pmatrix}
$$
对于二次型 $f={{x}_{1}}^{2}+{{x}_{3}}^{2}+2{x}_{1}{x}_{2}-2{x}_{2}{x}_{3}$,其矩阵表示为:
$$
B = \begin{pmatrix}
1 & 1 & 0 \\
1 & 0 & -1 \\
0 & -1 & 1
\end{pmatrix}
$$
步骤 2:求矩阵的特征值和特征向量
对于矩阵 $A$,求特征值和特征向量:
$$
\det(A - \lambda I) = 0
$$
解得特征值 $\lambda_1 = 2$,$\lambda_2 = 5$,$\lambda_3 = 1$,对应的特征向量分别为:
$$
v_1 = \begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
0 \\
0
\end{pmatrix},
v_2 = \begin{pmatrix}
0 \\
1 \\
1
\end{pmatrix},
v_3 = \begin{pmatrix}
0 \\
-1 \\
1
\end{pmatrix}
$$
对于矩阵 $B$,求特征值和特征向量:
$$
\det(B - \lambda I) = 0
$$
解得特征值 $\lambda_1 = 2$,$\lambda_2 = 1$,$\lambda_3 = -1$,对应的特征向量分别为:
$$
v_1 = \begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
1 \\
0
\end{pmatrix},
v_2 = \begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
0 \\
1
\end{pmatrix},
v_3 = \begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
-2 \\
1
\end{pmatrix}
$$
步骤 3:正交化特征向量并标准化
对于矩阵 $A$,正交化特征向量并标准化:
$$
u_1 = \begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
0 \\
0
\end{pmatrix},
u_2 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix}
0 \\
1 \\
1
\end{pmatrix},
u_3 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\begin{pmatrix}
0 \\
-1 \\
1
\end{pmatrix}
$$
对于矩阵 $B$,正交化特征向量并标准化:
$$
u_1 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
1 \\
0
\end{pmatrix},
u_2 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
0 \\
1
\end{pmatrix},
u_3 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\begin{pmatrix}
1 \\
-2 \\
1
\end{pmatrix}
$$
步骤 4:构造正交变换矩阵
对于矩阵 $A$,构造正交变换矩阵 $P$:
$$
P = \begin{pmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{-1}{\sqrt{6}} \\
0 & \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}
\end{pmatrix}
$$
对于矩阵 $B$,构造正交变换矩阵 $Q$:
$$
Q = \begin{pmatrix}
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} & \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \\
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & 0 & \frac{-2}{\sqrt{6}} \\
0 & \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} & \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}
\end{pmatrix}
$$
步骤 5:计算标准形
对于矩阵 $A$,计算标准形:
$$
P^TAP = \begin{pmatrix}
2 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 5 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{pmatrix}
$$
对于矩阵 $B$,计算标准形:
$$
Q^TBQ = \begin{pmatrix}
2 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & -1
\end{pmatrix}
$$