1.2 Replace the underlined part in each of the following sentences with a word or phrase from the box below. Change the form where necessary. basically dread eagerness introductory opportunity plus productive for good pull the trigger(on sth.) rack up to this day whine about 1 The village has remained for the most part 6 Most of us are scared of public speaking, but unchanged for over 300 years.() if you think of it as a simple communication 2I convinced my wife not to go on holiday in process, you won't be nervous.() August-it'll be too hot-and also it'll be 7 Please don't complain about Sally. She is sorry more expensive.() she couldn't come to your party, but it's not 3 You could easily accumulate debt if you don't the end of the world.( (1) keep track of(留意) your credit card bills. 8 Over the next few months, Emma and I corres- / ①②③④ ponded with each other and a friendship began 4 If we don't make a final decision on this deal that continues up to no.() then we might never get the chance again. 9 The teacher was deeply impressed by the () students'diligence and their willingness to 5 Several months later, his shop closed down learn.( ③④⑤ permanently and I lost all trace of him. 10I'd like to make some opening remarks before () beginning the lecture.()

Cross-Cultural Communication Challenges Definition of Culture We all communicate with others all the time―in our homes, in our workplaces, in the groups we belong to, and in the community. No matter how well we think we understand each other, communication is hard. Just think, for example, how often we hear things like, "He doesn’’t get it," or "She didn’’t really hear what I meant to say." "Culture" is often at the root of communication challenges. Our culture influences how we approach problems, and how we participate in groups and in communities. When we participate in groups we are often surprised at how differently people approach their work together. Culture is a complex concept, with many different definitions. But, simply put, "culture" refers to a group or community with which we share common experiences that shape the way we understand the world. It includes groups that we are born into, such as gender, race, or national origin. It also includes groups we join or become part of. For example, we can acquire a new culture by moving to a new region, by a change in our economic status, or by becoming disabled. When we think of culture this broadly, we realize we all belong to many cultures at once. Our histories are a critical piece of our cultures. Historical experiences―whether of five years ago or of ten generations back―shape who we are. Knowledge of our history can help us understand ourselves and one another better. Exploring the ways in which various groups within our society have related to each other is key to opening channels for cross-cultural communication. Six Fundamental Patterns of Cultural Differences As people from different cultural groups take on the exciting challenge of working together, cultural values sometimes conflict. We can misunderstand each other, and react in ways that can hinder what are otherwise promising partnerships. Oftentimes, we aren’’t aware mat culture is acting upon us. Sometimes, we are not even aware that we have cultural values or assumptions that are different from others! --Different Communication Styles The way people communicate varies widely between, and even within, cultures. One aspect of communication style is language usage. Across cultures, some words and phrases are used in different ways. For example, even in countries that share the English language, the meaning of "yes" varies from "maybe, I’’ll consider it" to "definitely so," with many shades in between. Another major aspect of communication style is the degree of importance given to non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication includes not only facial expressions and gestures; it also involves seating arrangements, personal distance, and sense of time. In addition, different norms regarding the appropriate degree of assertiveness in communicating can add to cultural misunderstandings. For instance, some white Americans typically consider raised voices to be a sign that a fight has begun, while some black, Jewish and Italian Americans often feel that an increase in volume is a sign of an exciting conversation among friends. Thus, some white Americans may react with greater alarm to a loud discussion than would members of some American ethnic or non-white racial groups. --Different Attitudes Toward Conflict Some cultures view conflict as a positive thing, while others view it as something to be avoided. In the U.S., conflict is not usually desirable; but people often are encouraged to deal directly with conflicts that do arise. In fact, face-to-face meetings customarily are recommended as the way to work through whatever problems exist. In contrast, in many Eastern countries, open conflict is experienced as embarrassing or demeaning; as a rule, differences are best worked out quietly. A written exchange might be the favored means to address me conflict. --Different Approaches to Completing Tasks From culture to culture, there are different ways that people move toward completing tasks. Some reasons include different access to resources, different judgments of the rewards associated with task completion, different notions of time, and varied ideas about how relationship-building and task-oriented work should go together. When it comes to working together effectively on a task, cultures differ with respect to the importance placed on establishing relationships early on in the collaboration. A case in point, Asian and Hispanic cultures tend to attach more value to developing relationships at the beginning of a shared project and more emphasis on task completion toward the end as compared with European-Americans. European-Americans tend to focus immediately on the task at hand, and let relationships develop as they work on the task. This does not mean that people from any one of these cultural backgrounds are more or less committed to accomplishing the task, or value relationships more or less; it means they may pursue them differently. --Different Decision-Making Styles The roles individuals play in decision-making vary widely from culture to culture. For example, in the U.S., decisions are frequently delegated―that is, an official assigns responsibility for a particular matter to a subordinate. In many Southern European and Latin American countries, there is a strong value placed on holding decision-making responsibilities oneself. When decisions are made by groups of people, majority rule is a common approach in the U.S.; in Japan consensus is the preferred mode. Be aware that individuals’’ expectations about their own roles in shaping a decision may be influenced by their cultural frame of reference. --Different Attitudes Toward Disclosure In some cultures, it is not appropriate to be frank about emotions, about the reasons behind a conflict or a misunderstanding, or about personal information. Keep this in mind when you are in a dialogue or when you are working with others. When you are dealing with a conflict, be mindful that people may differ in what they feel comfortable revealing. Questions that may seem natural to you―What was the conflict about What was your role in the conflict What was the sequence of events ―may seem intrusive to others. The variation among cultures in attitudes toward disclosure is also something to consider before you conclude that you have an accurate reading of the views, experiences, and goals of the people with whom you are working. --Different Approaches to Knowing Notable differences occur among cultural groups when it comes to epistemologies (认识论)―that is, the ways people come to know things. European cultures tend to consider information acquired through cognitive means, such as counting and measuring, more valid than other ways of coming to know things. Compare that to African cultures’’ preference for affective ways of knowing, including symbolic imagery and rhythm. Asian cultures’’ epistemologies tend to emphasize the validity of knowledge gained through striving toward transcendence (卓越). {Nichols, 1976) Recent popular works demonstrate that our own society is paying more attention to previously overlooked ways of knowing. Conclusion An appreciation of patterns of cultural difference can assist us in processing what it means to be different in ways that are respectful of others, not fault-finding or damaging. Anthropologists Avruch and Black have noted that, when faced by an interaction that we do not understand, people tend to interpret the others involved as "abnormal", "weird" or "wrong". (Avruch and Black, 1993) This tendency, if indulged, gives rise on the individual level to prejudice. If this propensity is either consciously or unconsciously integrated into organizational structures, then prejudice takes root in our institutions―in the structures, laws, policies, and procedures mat shape our lives. Consequently, it is vital that we learn to control the human tendency to translate "different from me" into "less than me". We can learn to do this. We can also learn to collaborate across cultural lines as individuals and as a society. Awareness of cultural differences doesn’’t have to divide us from each other. It doesn’’t have to paralyze us either, for fear of not saying the "right thing". In fact, becoming more aware of our cultural differences, as well as exploring our similarities, can help us communicate with each other more effectively. Recognizing where cultural differences are at work is the first step toward understanding and respecting each other.In some Eastern countries, face-to-face meetings are favored to work through the conflicts. A．YB．NC．NG

Nowadays more young people are suffering from high blood pressure than is generally realized . A 人们经常意识到现在越来越多的年轻人患有高血压。 B 现在患高血压的年轻人比人们通常想象的要多 。C 现在许多年轻人患有高血压，这是人们通常没有想到的。

23. 单选题 We gazed in wonder ___ the scene before us.A. atB. toC. forD. from

Among the companies _______, 33 percent said they did not always investigate before making overseas investments. A. surfaced B. surrendered C. surveyed D. survived

44. If she ___ more attention to time management, she would not have missed the deadline.A. had paidB. paysC. would payD. paid

Complete the sentences with the words below . Change the form where necessary . administrative volunteer meticulous instruct thoroughly registration 1 Communication skills and a pleasant attitude toward people are very important for a ( n ) _ position . 2 _ for the leadership program will take place a week before the start of the term . 3 It is easier to recruit a ( n )______ for hands - on work than for a leadership position . 4 The Leader's Guide aims to make the new leader _ informed with the administrative details of running this sales team . 5 A combination of innovation and _ attention to detail has contributed to luxury brand s success . 6 He works in a sports center _ people in the use of the gym equipment .

19.She was a woman who would not be stopped by fear or _ risks to herself, or by other people's doubts or beliefs.A. foundationB. associationC. inspirationD. convention

Leading scientists have warned that land abuse by humans – including crop biofuels production – must be stopped to avoid ______ climate heating.A. catastrophicB. intrinsicC. demographicD. characteristic

We’re often reminded “choose your words carefully”—well it turns out the words themselves may reveal far more than what we’re actually trying to say. There’s mounting evidence that our personality is written, quite literally, in the language that we use, from the tweets we send to our choice of email address.Not all findings are particularly surprising. Those who score highly on extroversion really are a lot louder and chattier than their more introverted peers. They also tend to speak more quickly. Female extroverts, but not males, are more likely to have group chats, while introvert men (but not women) spend more time talking to themselves.But introverts and extroverts also use language very differently. A few years ago, a group of researchers led by Camiel Beukeboom at VU University, Amsterdam, asked a group of 40 volunteers to look at photos of different social situations and describe out loud what was going on. They found that extroverts’ language tended to be more abstract and “loose”, while introverts spoke in more concrete terms. In other words, introverts tend to be a lot more specific. Extroverts say: “This article is excellent”. Introverts say: “This article is very informative”.The links between personality and language also extend to the written word. When Jacob Hirsh and Jordan Peterson from the University of Toronto asked students to write about past experiences and future goals, they found that those who scored higher in extroversion tended to make more mention of words pertaining to relationships, which makes sense, the researchers said, as extroverts are “active social explorers”.But it’s not just about extroversion verse introversion. Their language also revealed other aspects of their personalities—including how open-minded they were (the liberal used more words pertaining to the senses), how neurotic (the highly strung referred more often to emotional anxiety) and how conscientious (more diligent students used more achievement and work-related words). The neurotic say: “I carry around a monstrous sadness”. The open-minded say: “You just need to be heard”. The conscientious say: “We can work on it”.In fact, it seems we can’t help trying to make out the personalities of the people we meet from the language they use. We’re constantly judging—right down to a person’s digital labels. Those with more numbers in their email address, for example, are seen as less conscientious. Meanwhile we tend to think that humorous addresses are more likely to belong to extroverts (though this isn’t true).The idea that we reveal something fundamental about ourselves every time we speak, write or tweet, is a little disconcerting—especially if you generally prefer to keep your character profile to yourself. But it also offers an opportunity to change the way you’re seen by others. In some situations, such as in a job interview or the early stages of dating, it should be possible to adopt a desirable persona, just by changing the language you use.1. What can reveal our personalities according to the passage?A) The emails we send.B) The clothes we wear.C) The language we use. D) The friends we make.2. What do we know about the differences between extroverts and introverts?A) Extroverts speak more loudly and quickly than introverts. B) Extroverts prefer group chats than individual communications.C) Introverts spend more time talking to themselves.D) Introverts prefer to express their opinions in small groups.3. According to the passage, which of the following is more likely to be said by the introverts?A) “This film is worth watching”.B) “This film is thought-provoking”. C) “This film is fascinating”.D) “This film is top-rated”.4. What do we know about extroverts when writing past experiences and future goals?A) They are less likely to say something that makes senses.B) They are more likely to refer to emotional depression.C) They tend to say more with regards to social relationships. D) They prefer to say something on achievements and work.5. What kind of people are more likely to use achievement and work-related words?A) Imaginative and adventurous.B) Compassionate and cooperative.C) Sensitive and emotional.D) Hard-working and responsible.