由 x(t) = A_1 cos(omega t + varphi_1) 和 y(t) = A_2 cos(omega t + varphi_2) 导出两个相互垂直,同频率的简谐振动的合成公式 (x^2)/(A_1^2) + (y^2)/(A_2^2) - (2xy)/(A_1A_2) cos(varphi_2 - varphi_1) = sin^2(varphi_2 - varphi_1)。(cos theta + cos varphi = 2 cos ( (theta + varphi)/(2) ) cos ( (theta - varphi)/(2) ),cos theta - cos varphi = -2 sin ( (theta + varphi)/(2) ) sin ( (theta - varphi)/(2) ),cos^2 theta = (1 + cos 2theta)/(2),sin^2 theta = (1 - cos 2theta)/(2))
由 $x(t) = A_1 \cos(\omega t + \varphi_1)$ 和 $y(t) = A_2 \cos(\omega t + \varphi_2)$ 导出两个相互垂直,同频率的简谐振动的合成公式 $\frac{x^2}{A_1^2} + \frac{y^2}{A_2^2} - \frac{2xy}{A_1A_2} \cos(\varphi_2 - \varphi_1) = \sin^2(\varphi_2 - \varphi_1)$。
$(\cos \theta + \cos \varphi = 2 \cos \left( \frac{\theta + \varphi}{2} \right) \cos \left( \frac{\theta - \varphi}{2} \right)$,$\cos \theta - \cos \varphi = -2 \sin \left( \frac{\theta + \varphi}{2} \right) \sin \left( \frac{\theta - \varphi}{2} \right)$,$\cos^2 \theta = \frac{1 + \cos 2\theta}{2}$,$\sin^2 \theta = \frac{1 - \cos 2\theta}{2}$)
题目解答
答案
解析
本题考查三角函数的恒等变换以及简谐振动合成公式的推导。解题思路是先对给定的简谐振动表达式进行平方处理,然后利用三角函数的和差化积公式、二倍角公式等进行化简,最后通过联立方程消去中间变量,从而得到合成公式。
步骤一:设变量并平方
设$x = A_1 \cos \theta$,$y = A_2 \cos(\theta + \Delta \varphi)$,其中$\Delta \varphi=\varphi_2 - \varphi_1$。
对$x = A_1 \cos \theta$两边平方可得$x^2 = A_1^2 \cos^2 \theta$,则$\frac{x^2}{A_1^2} = \cos^2 \theta$。
对$y = A_2 \cos(\theta + \Delta \varphi)$两边平方可得$y^2 = A_2^2 \cos^2(\theta + \Delta \varphi)$,则$\frac{y^2}{A_2^2} = \cos^2(\theta + \Delta \varphi)$。
所以$\frac{x^2}{A_1^2} + \frac{y^2}{A_2^2} = \cos^2 \theta + \cos^2(\theta + \Delta \varphi)$。
根据二倍角公式$\cos^2 \alpha = \frac{1 + \cos 2\alpha}{2}$,可得:
$\cos^2 \theta + \cos^2(\theta + \Delta \varphi)=\frac{1 + \cos 2\theta}{2}+\frac{1 + \cos(2\theta + 2\Delta \varphi)}{2}$
$=\frac{1 + \cos 2\theta + 1 + \cos(2\theta + 2\Delta \varphi)}{2}$
$=1+\frac{\cos 2\theta + \cos(2\theta + 2\Delta \varphi)}{2}$
再根据和差化积公式$\cos \theta + \cos \varphi = 2 \cos \left( \frac{\theta + \varphi}{2} \right) \cos \left( \frac{\theta - \varphi}{2} \right)$,这里$\theta = 2\theta$,$\varphi = 2\theta + 2\Delta \varphi$,则:
$\cos 2\theta + \cos(2\theta + 2\Delta \varphi)=2\cos(2\theta + \Delta \varphi)\cos(-\Delta \varphi)$
因为$\cos(-\alpha)=\cos\alpha$,所以$2\cos(2\theta + \Delta \varphi)\cos(-\Delta \varphi)=2\cos(2\theta + \Delta \varphi)\cos\Delta \varphi$。
那么$\frac{x^2}{A_1^2} + \frac{y^2}{A_2^2} = 1 + \cos(2\theta + \Delta \varphi) \cos \Delta \varphi$。
步骤二:计算$\frac{2xy}{A_1 A_2}$
将$x = A_1 \cos \theta$,$y = A_2 \cos(\theta + \Delta \varphi)$代入$\frac{2xy}{A_1 A_2}$可得:
$\frac{2xy}{A_1 A_2}=\frac{2\times A_1 \cos \theta\times A_2 \cos(\theta + \Delta \varphi)}{A_1 A_2}=2\cos \theta\cos(\theta + \Delta \varphi)$
根据积化和差公式$2\cos\alpha\cos\beta=\cos(\alpha + \beta) + \cos(\alpha - \beta)$,这里$\alpha = \theta$,$\beta = \theta + \Delta \varphi$,则:
$2\cos \theta\cos(\theta + \Delta \varphi)=\cos(2\theta + \Delta \varphi) + \cos(-\Delta \varphi)$
因为$\cos(-\alpha)=\cos\alpha$,所以$\cos(2\theta + \Delta \varphi) + \cos(-\Delta \varphi)=\cos(2\theta + \Delta \varphi) + \cos \Delta \varphi$。
即$\frac{2xy}{A_1 A_2} = \cos(2\theta + \Delta \varphi) + \cos \Delta \varphi$。
步骤三:消去$\cos(2\theta + \Delta \varphi)$
由$\frac{x^2}{A_1^2} + \frac{y^2}{A_2^2} = 1 + \cos(2\theta + \Delta \varphi) \cos \Delta \varphi$可得$\cos(2\theta + \Delta \varphi)=\frac{\frac{x^2}{A_1^2} + \frac{y^2}{A_2^2}-1}{\cos \Delta \varphi}$。
将$\cos(2\theta + \Delta \varphi)=\frac{\frac{x^2}{A_1^2} + \frac{y^2}{A_2^2}-1}{\cos \Delta \varphi}$代入$\frac{2xy}{A_1 A_2} = \cos(2\theta + \Delta \varphi) + \cos \Delta \varphi$可得:
$\frac{2xy}{A_1 A_2}=\frac{\frac{x^2}{A_1^2} + \frac{y^2}{A_2^2}-1}{\cos \Delta \varphi}+\cos \Delta \varphi$
等式两边同时乘以$\cos \Delta \varphi$得:
$\frac{2xy}{A_1 A_2}\cos \Delta \varphi=\frac{x^2}{A_1^2} + \frac{y^2}{A_2^2}-1+\cos^2 \Delta \varphi$
移项可得:
$\frac{x^2}{A_1^2} + \frac{y^2}{A_2^2} - \frac{2xy}{A_1 A_2} \cos \Delta \varphi = 1 - \cos^2 \Delta \varphi$
根据$\sin^2 \ \ \cos^2 = 1$,即$1 - \cos^2 \Delta \varphi=\sin^2 \Delta \varphi$,所以$\frac{x^2}{A_1^2} + \frac{y^2}{A_2^2} - \frac{2xy}{A_1 A_2} \cos \Delta \varphi = \sin^2 \Delta \varphi$,也就是$\frac{x^2}{A_1^2} + \frac{y^2}{A_2^2} - \frac{2xy}{A_1 A_2} \cos(\varphi_2 - \varphi_1) = \sin^2(\varphi_2 - \varphi_1)$。