______ on an airplane before, the old lady felt very nervous.A. Never having beenB. Having never beenC. Never to beD. Never being

Towns and cities in Britain have grown a lot in size over the last two centuries. The-|||-oldest houses are usually those closest to the town center.Many people live in the suburbs,-|||-areas on the edge of a town.Some suburbs consist of new housing estates(住宅区),while-|||-others were originally villages that have become joined to the town as it has grown.-|||-Some people prefer to live in a village and travel into the nearby town to work. --|||-ges are considered to be pleasant places to live,as they are quieter and less polluted than-|||-towns and are closer to the countryside.They usually contain a range of houses,including-|||-old cottages and new houses and bungalows(小平房).-|||-Many British people prefer to buy a house rather than rent one,because they can dec-|||-orate or alter it to suit their own taste and because they believe they will have more priva-|||-cy.Young people and those who cannot afford to buy a house live in rented accommoda--|||-tion.Some rent a furnished bedsit (or bedsitting room ),a combined bedroom and sitting-|||-room,and share washing and cooking facilities.Others rent a flat or house,often sharing-|||-the cost with friends.-|||-Houses are bought and sold through estate agents. Few people can afford to buy a-|||-house outright(一次付清),so they have to take out a mortgage (=loan) with a bank or-|||-building society(房贷信用社).-|||-1.What do we learn about towns and cities in Britain?-|||-A)They are no longer as prosperous as two centuries ago-|||-B)They have become more densely populated in recent years.-|||-C)They have grown ever bigger during the last two hundred years.-|||-D) They contain a range of houses the oldest of which are in downtown areas.-|||-2.Where do many people in Britain prefer to live?-|||-A)In the downtown areas.-|||-B)Near their workplaces.-|||-C)In remote villages.-|||-D)In the suburbs.-|||-3.Many British people prefer to buy a house rather than rent one,because __-|||-A)they are now rich enough to buy it-|||-B) they want to enjoy a more independent life b-|||-C)they hate to pay the increasingly high rent-|||-D)they can hardly settle down without a house of their own-|||-4.How do young people in Britain who cannot afford a house solve their housing problem?-|||-A)They share a room with a friend.-|||-B)They stay with their parents.-|||-C)They take out a mortgage with a bank-|||-D)They rent a room,a flat,or a house.-|||-1on-|||-Read the following passages and choose the best answer to each of the multi--|||--choiee guestions.

—Linda, you ____ us at the door. —Forgive me. I was so busy just now.A. must have greetedB. must greetC. should have greetedD. should greet

A.dated B.unlikely C.set D.fossils E.estimate F.delicateG.takes H.finds I.exactly J.advocated K.tracked Haul of Fossil Fish Pushes Back the Origin of Teeth and Jaws Our teeth and jaws are incredibly ancient.They're older than dinosaurs，older than arms and legs，older than trees adaptations that paleontologists （古生物学家） have （1） ____ to our distant，fishy relatives that thrived in the seas around 425 million years ago.But a collection of carefully-preserved vertebrates （脊椎动物） found in China has （2） ____ a new date for the earliest record of jaws and teeth.The early vertebrates include some of the earliest fish，one of the earliest relatives of sharks，and，at about 436 million years old，the most ancient （3） ____ yet found of fish with teeth and jaws. Researchers have disagreed about （4） ____ when the earliest bites evolved.Molecular （分子的） studies based upon estimations of genetic changes have （5） ____ that the first jaws and teeth evolved about 450 million years ago.Until now，the oldest fossil of jawed vertebrates-or gnathostomes （6） ____ to about 425 million years ago，a significant gap.As Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology researcher Min Zhu and his colleagues describe in a series of Nature papers published today，the new （7） ____ from South China sit in the middle of this gap and offer a startling look at a critical moment in evolutionary history. Zhu and coauthors note in their research，the fish they uncovered were small and had （8） ____ bones.That means these fish were generally （9） ____ to become fossils except in truly outstanding circumstances where they could be buried quickly and shielded from scavengers （食腐动物） that would otherwise eat them.That an exceptional stroke of luck was required to preserve such fish likely explains the difference between the molecular （10） ____ and fossil record.

Beijing Opera Beijing Opera，China's national opera，originated in the late 18th century and is a mixture of music，dance，art and acrobatics.It is the most influential and representative of all operas in China. Based upon traditional Anhui Opera，it has adopted its repertoire，music and performing techniques from Kun Opera （a local opera from Jiangsu Province） and Qinqiang Opera （from Shaanxi Province） as well as traditional folk tunes in its development，eventually forming its own highly stylised music and performing techniques. Beijing Opera can be divided into "civil" pieces，which are characterised by singing，and "martial" ones，which feature acrobatics and stunts.Some operas are combinations of both. Its repertoire includes historical plays，comedies，tragedies and farces.Many historical events are adapted for Beijing Opera plays，which in the past were an important primer on history and ethical principles for poorly-educated people. There are four roles in general：the male，the female，the"painted face"，and the clown，which are further classified by age and profession.Sheng （male roles） can be divided into three categories：the old，the young and the martial arts expert.Dan（female roles） includes qingyi（a quiet and gentle lady），huadan （a lively woman），wudan（a woman with martial arts skills），daomadan（a woman skilled in fighting with weapons or on a horse） and laodan（an old woman）.Jing（painted face roles） is always played by men with brightly coloured faces.Chou（clown roles） is marked by a dab of white on the ridge of the nose.This character is sometimes positive，kind-hearted and humourous，but sometimes negative，cunning or silly.Each role has its fixed singing and acting styles. Like the acting and singing，the make-up is stylised，inspired by the masks worn by dancers in Tang，Song and Yuan Dynasty operas.The make-up highlights and exaggerates the principal features of the characters. For the painted face role，the colour of their made-up faces can be an indication of their characters or personalities.Red indicates uprightness and loyalty，white craftiness and cunning.Blue indicates a vigorous，courageous and enterprising nature while yellow means an intelligent character，but a less extroverted one.Black shows a sound and honest character while green is often the symbol of a brave and irritable one. The costumes are based on those of the Ming Dynasty，no matter when the story is set.The props can include a cloth wall，tents，whips，paddles and weapons.The props are realistic，but not so elaborate that they detract from the performance.Exaggeration and symbolism are characteristics of the opera.Holding a whip is enough to indicate that an actor is galloping on a horse.A few soldiers on the stage may represent a whole army.An actor's circling the stage suggests a long journey. Often there is just a table and a few chairs on the stage.The description of many situations depends on the performance of the actors and actresses.Opening a door，walking at night，rowing a boat，eating，drinking and the like are all demonstrated by the stylised movements of the actors and actresses.Performers also use their eyes and facial expressions to help convey the specific meaning. In the past 200 years，numerous schools and celebrated performers have emerged.As a result of the hard work of hundreds of artists over the past two centuries，Beijing Opera has become a refined art form and now represents an important part of Chinese culture.Read the passage and complete the following ch art with the information you have gained.Beijing Opera Origin Beijing Opera originated in（1） ____ and is a mixture of（2） ____ .Based on（3） ____ Opera，it has adopted its repertoire，（4） ____ and（5） ____ from（6） ____ Opera and （7） ____ Opera as well as traditional folk tunes. Role There are four roles in Beijing Opera：（8） ____ ，（9） ____ ，（10） ____ .Each role has its （11） ____ ，and（12） ____ styles. Make-up The make up is inspired by（13） ____ worn by dancers in（14） ____ ，（15） ____ ，and（16） ____ Dynasty operas.The colour of the made up face indicates the（17） ____ or（18） ____ of the role. Costumes& Props The costumes are based on（19） ____ .The props are（20） ____ ，but not so（21） ____ that they detract from the performance. Performance The（22） ____ depends on the performance of the actors and actresses.Performers use their（23） ____ and（24） ____ to help convey meanings. Beijing Opera Beijing Opera，China's national opera，originated in the late 18th century and is a mixture of music，dance，art and acrobatics.It is the most influential and representative of all operas in China. Based upon traditional Anhui Opera，it has adopted its repertoire，music and performing techniques from Kun Opera （a local opera from Jiangsu Province） and Qinqiang Opera （from Shaanxi Province） as well as traditional folk tunes in its development，eventually forming its own highly stylised music and performing techniques. Beijing Opera can be divided into "civil" pieces，which are characterised by singing，and "martial" ones，which feature acrobatics and stunts.Some operas are combinations of both. Its repertoire includes historical plays，comedies，tragedies and farces.Many historical events are adapted for Beijing Opera plays，which in the past were an important primer on history and ethical principles for poorly-educated people. There are four roles in general：the male，the female，the"painted face"，and the clown，which are further classified by age and profession.Sheng （male roles） can be divided into three categories：the old，the young and the martial arts expert.Dan（female roles） includes qingyi（a quiet and gentle lady），huadan （a lively woman），wudan（a woman with martial arts skills），daomadan（a woman skilled in fighting with weapons or on a horse） and laodan（an old woman）.Jing（painted face roles） is always played by men with brightly coloured faces.Chou（clown roles） is marked by a dab of white on the ridge of the nose.This character is sometimes positive，kind-hearted and humourous，but sometimes negative，cunning or silly.Each role has its fixed singing and acting styles. Like the acting and singing，the make-up is stylised，inspired by the masks worn by dancers in Tang，Song and Yuan Dynasty operas.The make-up highlights and exaggerates the principal features of the characters. For the painted face role，the colour of their made-up faces can be an indication of their characters or personalities.Red indicates uprightness and loyalty，white craftiness and cunning.Blue indicates a vigorous，courageous and enterprising nature while yellow means an intelligent character，but a less extroverted one.Black shows a sound and honest character while green is often the symbol of a brave and irritable one. The costumes are based on those of the Ming Dynasty，no matter when the story is set.The props can include a cloth wall，tents，whips，paddles and weapons.The props are realistic，but not so elaborate that they detract from the performance.Exaggeration and symbolism are characteristics of the opera.Holding a whip is enough to indicate that an actor is galloping on a horse.A few soldiers on the stage may represent a whole army.An actor's circling the stage suggests a long journey. Often there is just a table and a few chairs on the stage.The description of many situations depends on the performance of the actors and actresses.Opening a door，walking at night，rowing a boat，eating，drinking and the like are all demonstrated by the stylised movements of the actors and actresses.Performers also use their eyes and facial expressions to help convey the specific meaning. In the past 200 years，numerous schools and celebrated performers have emerged.As a result of the hard work of hundreds of artists over the past two centuries，Beijing Opera has become a refined art form and now represents an important part of Chinese culture.Read the passage and complete the following ch art with the information you have gained.Beijing Opera Origin Beijing Opera originated in（1） ____ and is a mixture of（2） ____ .Based on（3） ____ Opera，it has adopted its repertoire，（4） ____ and（5） ____ from（6） ____ Opera and （7） ____ Opera as well as traditional folk tunes. Role There are four roles in Beijing Opera：（8） ____ ，（9） ____ ，（10） ____ .Each role has its （11） ____ ，and（12） ____ styles. Make-up The make up is inspired by（13） ____ worn by dancers in（14） ____ ，（15） ____ ，and（16） ____ Dynasty operas.The colour of the made up face indicates the（17） ____ or（18） ____ of the role. Costumes& Props The costumes are based on（19） ____ .The props are（20） ____ ，but not so（21） ____ that they detract from the performance. Performance The（22） ____ depends on the performance of the actors and actresses.Performers use their（23） ____ and（24） ____ to help convey meanings.

There's been a lot of talk on Wall Street lately about the grueling(令人精疲力竭的)hours that junior staff, interns, and analysts, have to work in order to get ahead. Bank of America, Goldman Sachs, and J.P. Morgan have all announced that they'll start encouraging their young employees to take more time off. It's an effort to improve their 1 of life so they don't jump ship for other companies in and out of the financial space once they've been 2 . It could be 3 to make this new policy stick, because on Wall Street, the all-nighter(通宵;熬夜)is almost a rite of passage. Here's how it works---You're on an important project, and your boss 4 there's a mistake in the data, or the client pushes up a meeting, or you're just 5 on a deadline. The project has to get done, so you're not going home. 6 , spending the night deep in Excel instead of deep under your covers isn't just killer for your social life, it also 7 your body. According to study in the US National Library of Medicine and National Institute of Health, lack of sleep affects your brain's frontal lobes(大脑额叶), 8 down their communications. Meanwhile, scientists tested subjects for speed and 9 after an all-nighter. They found, because of their inability to concentrate, that subjects had to be fast or accurate. They were 10 to do both. In fact, the disadvantages of an all-nighter are far more than these. A)accuracy E)Fortunately I)Obviously M)Suddenly B)crashing F)hard J)quality N)trained C)capable G)hurts K)realizes O)unable D)feasible H)majority L)slowing

Hardly ______ his speech when a young woman in the audience rose to make a protest.A. George finishedB. does George finishC. George had finishedD. had George finished

Every day 25 milion U. S. children ride school buses. The safety record for these buses is much better than for passenger cars; but nevertheless, about 10 children are killed each year riding on large school buses, and nearly four times that number are killed outside buses in the loading zones. By and large, however, the nation"s school children are transported to and from school safely. Even though the number of school bus casualties(死亡人数) is not large, the safety of children is always of intense public concern. While everyone wants to see children transported safely, people are divided about what needs to be done—particularly whether seat belts should be mandatory (强制性的). Supporters of seat belts on school buses argue that seat belts are necessary not only to reduce death and injury, but also to teach children lessons about the importance of using them routinely in any moving vehicle. A side benefit, they point out, is that seat belts help keep children in their seats, away from the bus driver. Opponents of seat belt installation suggest that children are already well protected by the school buses that follow the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration"s (NHTSA) safety requirement set in 1977. They also believe that many children won"t wear seat belts anyway, and that they may damage the belts or use them as weapons to hurt other children. A new Research Council report on school bus safety suggests that there are alternate safety devices and procedures that may be more effective and less expensive. For example, the study committee suggested that raising seat backs four inches may have the same safety effectiveness as seat belts. The report sponsored by the Department of Transportation at the request of Congress, reviews seat belts extensively while taking a broader look at safety in and around school buses. Each year, children killed outside buses in the loading zones are about_______.A.10B.40C.30D.50

We are constantly acquiring new skills as we engage in activities or ______ ourselves with new devices.A. customizeB. capitalizeC. familiarizeD. socialize

Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Though often viewed as a problem for western states, the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars, says Professor Max Moritz, a specialist in fire ecology and management.In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its 5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires—nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago. In effect, fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency´ s other work—such as forest conservation, watershed and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep—that affect the lives of all Americans.Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into construction in fire prone districts. As Moritz puts it, how often are federal dollars building homes that are likely to be lost to a wildfire?" It´ s already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country," he says. We need to take a magnifying glass to that. Like, "Wait a minute, is this OK?" "Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate on lower-hazard parts of the landscape?"Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire, researchers say.For one thing, conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive. Over the past decade, the focus has been on climate change—how the warming of the Earth from greenhouse gases is leading to conditions that worsen fires.While climate is a key element, Moritz says, it shouldn´ t come at the expense of the rest of the equation."The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the interactions go both ways," he says. Failing to recognize that, he notes, leads to "an overly simplified view of what the solutions might be. Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited".At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity, says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado. But acknowledging fire´ s inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws, policies, and practices that make it as safe as possible, she says."We´ ve disconnected ourselves from living with fire," Balch says. "It is really important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with fire today. "第36题More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in 2015 they____.A.exhausted unprecedented management effortsB.consumed a record-high percentage of budgetC.severely damaged the ecology of western statesD.caused a huge rise of infrastructure expenditure第37题Moritz calls for the use of "a magnifying glass" to____.A.raise more funds for fire prone areasB.avoid the redirection of federal moneyC.find wildfire-free parts of the landscapeD.guarantee safer spending of public funds第38题While admitting that climate is a key element, Moritz notes that____.A.public debates have not settled yetB.fire-fighting conditions are improvingC.other factors should not be overlookedD.a shift in the view of fire has taken place第39题The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of failing to____.A.discover the fundamental makeup of natureB.explore the mechanism of the human systemsC.maximize the role of landscape in human lifeD.understand the interrelations of man and nature第40题Professor Balch points out that fire is something man should____.A.do away e to terms withC.pay a price forD.keep away from上一题 下一题(41~45/共5题)Part B  Directions:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Make your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump. " We don´ t make anything anymore," he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.But there is also a different way to look at the data.Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every year. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay.For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers—and upward pressure on wages. "They´ re harder to find and they have job offers," says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, " They may be coming[into the workforce], but they´ ve been plucked by other industries that are also doing as well as manufacturing," Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture.But it doesn´ t __11__ follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the __12__ of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the __13__ of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could __14__ strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the __15__ of work may be a bit overblown. "Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential, " says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.These days, because leisure time is relatively __16__ for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional __17__ of their jobs. "When I come home from a hard day´ s work, I often feel __18__ ," Danaher says, adding, "In a world in which I don ´ t have to work, I might feel rather different"—perhaps different enough to throw himself __19__ a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for __20__ matters.At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keeps a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers, five are retiring this year. Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of 13 an hour that rises to 17 after two years.At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he´ s trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It´ s his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering. "I love working with tools. I love creating," he says.But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennial "remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession," says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan.These concerns aren´ t misplaced; Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 2015. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels." The gap is between the jobs that take no skills and those that require a lot of skill," says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. "There´ re enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don´ t need to have much skill. It´ s that gap in between, and that´ s where the problem is. "Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. "Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live their lives," she says.[A]says that he switched to electrical engineering because he loves working with tools.[B]points out that there are enough people to fill the jobs that don´ t need much skill.[C]points out that the US doesn´t manufacture anything anymore.[D]believes that it is important to keep a close eye on the age of his workers.[E]says that for factory owners, workers are harder to find because of stiff competition.[F]points out that a work/life balance can attract young people into manufacturing.[G]says that the manufacturing recession is to blame for the lay—off the young people´ s parents.第41题Jay Dunwell ______第42题Jason Stenquist ______第43题Birgit Klohs   ______第44题Rob Spohr ______第45题Julie Parks ______上一题 下一题(1/1)Section II Reading Comprehension Part C第46题My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course. However, during that course I realised that I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me. Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities. But, to be absolutely honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream—I knew that no one could imagine me in the fashion industry at all! So I decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing. This is when I noticed the course " Fashion Media Promotion". ____________上一题 下一题(1/1)Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. (10 points)第47题Suppose you are invited by Professor Williams to give a presentation about Chinese culture to a group of international students. Write a reply to(1)accept the invitation, and(2)introduce the key points of your presentation.You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET.Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming " instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)________________________上一题 下一题(1/1)Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following information. (20 points)第48题Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay,you should(1)interpret the chart, and(2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)