( be open to, on behalf of, try out, stand to, compete against, out of reach )1 It is said that the young generation _ communication through social media.2 John hopes to _ his new running shoes this weekend to mark a new lifestyle.3. _ my generation, I'd like to publicly thank the younger generation for embracing mobile technology.4.Small business owners with debt problems _ lose financially if the new law is introduced.5.Experienced nurses can easily _ a green hand in the job market because of their work and life experience.6.Rising prices have put an ordinary house _ of many buyers.

Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided to find out whether, as many smokers say, smoking helps them to “think and concentrate.” Spilich put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprived (被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of tests. In the first test, each subject (试验对象) sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he or she recognized a target letter among a grouping of 96. In this simple test, smokers, deprived smokers and nonsmokers performed equally well. The next test was more complex, requiring all to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters transformed into a different one. Non-smokers were faster， but under the stimulation of nicotine (尼古丁), active smokers were faster than deprived smokers. In the third test of short-term memory, non-smokers made the fewest errors, but deprived smokers committed fewer errors than active smokers. The fourth test required people to read a passage, then answer questions about it. Non-smokers remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers, and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. Active smokers tended not only to have poorer memories but also had trouble separating important information from insignificant details. “As our tests became more complex.” Sums up Spilich, “non-smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins” He predicts, “smokers might perform adequately at many jobs until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity.” 1.The purpose of George Spilich’s experiments is _______. A. to test whether smoking has a positive effect on the mental capacity of smokers B. to show how smoking damages people’s mental capacity C. to prove that smoking affects people’s regular performance D. to find out whether smoking helps people’s short-term memory 2.Which of the following statements is true? A. Active smokers in general performed better than deprived smokers. B. Active smokers responded more quickly than the other subjects. C. Non-smokers were not better than other subjects in performing simple tasks. D. Deprived smokers gave the slowest responses to the various tasks. 3.We can infer from the last paragraph that _______. A. smokers should not expect to become airline pilots B. smoking in emergency cases causes mental illness C. no airline pilots smoke during flights D. smokers may prove unequal to handing emergency cases

Public Speaking and Critical ThinkingWhat is critical thinking? To a certain degree, it's a matter of logic(逻辑)—of being able to spot weaknesses in other people's arguments and to avoid them in your own. It also includes related skills such as distinguishing fact from opinion and assessing the soundness of evidence.In the broad sense, critical thinking is focused, organized thinking—the ability to see clearly the relationships among ideas. 1 The greatest thinkers, scientists, and inventors have often taken information that was readily available and put it together differently to produce new ideas. That, too, is critical thinking. 2 As the class goes on, for example, you will probably spend a good deal of time organizing your speeches. While this may seem like a purely mechanical(机械的) exercise, it is closely connected with critical thinking.If the structure of your speech is loose and confused, chances are that your thinking is also disordered and confused. If, on the other hand, the structure is clear, there is a good chance your thinking is too. Organizing a speech is not just a matter of arranging the ideas you already have. 3 What is true of organization is true of many aspects of public speaking. 4 As you work on expressing your ideas in clear, accurate language, you will improve your ability to think clearly and accurately. 5 As you learn to listen critically to speeches in class, you will be better able to assess the ideas of speakers in a variety of situations.If you take full advantage of your speech class, you will be able to develop your skills as a critical thinker in many circumstances.This is one reason public speaking has been regarded as a vital part of education since the days of ancient Greece.A. Rather, it is an important part of shaping the ideas themselves.B. This may seem like a lot of time, but the rewards are well worth it.C. It may also help you to know that there is no such thing as a perfect speech.D. It has often been said that there are few new ideas in the world, only reorganized ideas.E. If you are wondering what this has to do with your public speaking class, the answer is quite a lot.F. The skills you learn in your speech class can help you become a more effective thinker in a number of ways.G. As you study the role of evidence and reasoning in speech making,you will see how they can be used in other forms of communication as well.

Factors for Stress and Anxiety At some point in their lives virtually everyone will experience stressful events or situations that overwhelm their natural coping mechanisms. In one poll, 89% of respondents indicated that they had experienced serious stress in their lives. Some people are simply biologically prone to stress. Factors leading to stress and anxiety mainly are as follows:Risk Factors Conditions that are most likely to be associated with stress and negative physical effects include the following: * An accumulation of persistent stressful situations, particularly those that a person cannot easily control (for example, high-pressured work plus an unhappy relationship). * Persistent stress following a severe acute response to a stabbing event (such as an automobile accident). * Acute stress accompanying serious illness, such as heart disease. People respond to stress differently, depending on different factors: * Early nurturing: Abusive behavior towards children may cause long-term abnormalities (反常) in the hypothalamus-pituitary system, which regulates stress. * Personality traits: Certain people have personality traits that cause them to over-respond to stressful events. * Genetic factors: Some people have genetic factors that affect stress, such as having a more or less efficient relaxation response. One study found a genetic abnormality in serotonin (血清素) regulation that was connected with a heightened reaction of heart rates and blood pressure in response to stress. (Serotonin is a brain chemical involved with feelings of well-being.) * Immune-regulated diseases: Certain diseases that are associated with immune abnormalities such as rheumatoid arthritis (类风湿关节炎) may actually weaken a response to stress. * The length and quality of stressors: Naturally, the longer the duration and the more intense the stressors, the more harmful the effects.Childhood Factors Children are frequent victims of stress because they are often unable to communicate their feelings accurately. They also have trouble communicating their responses to events over which they have no control. Certain physical symptoms, notably repeated abdominal pain without a known cause, may be indicators of stress in children. Various conditions can affect their susceptibility tostress. Parental stress, especially in mothers, is a particularly powerful source of stress in children, even more important than poverty or overcrowding. Young children of mothers who are highly stressed (particularly if they were depressed) tend to be at high risk for developing stress-related problems. This may be especially true if the mothers were stressed during both the child’s infancy and early years. Some evidence even supports the old idea that stress during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the infant’s mood and behavior. Older children with stressed mothers may become aggressive and anti-social, Another study suggested that stress-reduction techniques in parents may improve their children’s behavior. Adolescent boys and girls experience equal amounts of stress, but the source and effects may differ. Girls tend to become stressed from interpersonal situations, and stress is more likely to lead to depression in girls than in boys. For boys, however, specific events, such as changing schools or getting poor grades, appear to be the major sources of stress.Work and Stress In a study of 46,000 workers, health care costs were 147% higher in workers who were stressed or depressed than in others who were not. Furthermore, according to one survey, 40% of American workers describe their jobs as very stressful, making job-related stress an important and preventable health hazard. Several studies are now suggesting that job-related stress is as great a threat to health as smoking or not exercising. Stress impairs concentration, causes sleeplessness, and increases the risk for illness, back problems, accidents, and lost time from work. Work stress can lead to harassment or even violence while on the job. At its most extreme, chronic stress places a burden on the heart and circulation that in some cases may be fatal. The Japanese even have a word for sudden death due to overwork, karoushi. Many institutions within the current culture, while paying lip service to stress reduction, put intense pressure on individuals to behave in ways that increase tension. Yet, there are numerous effective management tools and techniques available to reduce stress. Furthermore, treatment for work-related stress has proven benefits for both the employee and employer. In one study, at the end of 2 years, a company that instituted a stress management program saved nearly 150,000 in workers compensations costs (the cost of the program was only 6,000). Other studies have reported specific health benefits resulting from workplace stress-management programs. In one of the studies, workers with hypertension experienced reduced blood pressure after even a brief (16-hour) program that helped them manage stress behaviorally. In general, however, few workplaces offer stress management programs, and it is usually up to the employees to find their own ways to reduce stress. Here are some suggestions: * Seek out someone in the Human Resources department or a sympathetic manager and communicate concerns about job stress. Work with them in a non-confrontational way to improve working conditions, letting them know that productivity can be improved if some of the pressure is off. * Establish or reinforce a network of friends at work and at home. * Restructure priorities and eliminate unnecessary tasks. * Learn to focus on positive outcomes. * If the job is unendurable, plan and execute a career change. Send out resumes or work on getting a transfer within the company. * If this isn’t possible, be sure to schedule daily pleasant activities and physical exercise during free time. It may be helpful to keep in mind that bosses are also victimized by the same stressful conditions they are imposing. For example, in one study of male managers in three Swedish companies, those who worked in a bureaucracy had greater stress-related heart risks than those who worked in companies with social supports. Caregiving Studies show that caregivers of physically or mentally disabled family members are at risk for chronic stress. One study reported that overall mortality rates were over 60% higher in caregivers who were under constant stress. Spouses caring for a disabled partner are particularly vulnerable to a range of stress-related health threats, including influenza, depression, heart disease, and even poorer survival rates. Caring for a spouse with even minor disabilities can induce severe stress. Intervention programs that are aimed at helping the caregiver approach the situation positively can reduce stress, and help the caregiver maintain a positive attitude. A 2002 program also demonstrated that moderate-intensity exercise was very helpful in reducing stress and improving sleep in caregivers. Caregiving among the health professionals is also a high risk factor for stress. One study, for example, found that registered nurses with low job control, high job demands, and low work-related social support experienced very dramatic health declines, both physically and emotionally. Anxiety Disorders People who are less emotionally stable or have high anxiety levels tend to experience specific events as more stressful than others. Some doctors describe an exaggerated negative response to stress as treating the event as a catastrophe. Nevertheless, a 2003 study of patients with anxiety disorder did not find any differences in actual physical response to stress (heart rate, blood pressure, release of stress hormones) compared to people without anxiety.Lacking a Social Network The lack of an established network of family and friends predisposes (使预先有倾向) one to stress disorders and stress-related health problems, including heart disease and infections. A study, meanwhile, reported that older people who maintain active relationships with their adult children are buffered against the adverse health effects of chronic stress-inducing situations, such as low-income or lower-social class. Another study suggested this may be because people who live alone are unable to discuss negative feelings as a means to relieve their stress. Studies of people who remain happy and healthy despite many life stresses conclude that most have very good networks of social support. One study indicated that support even from strangers reduced blood pressure surges in people undergoing a stressful event. Many studies suggest that having a pet helps reduce medical problems aggravated by stress, including heart disease and high blood pressure.Stress is most likely to rise from conditions in which ______. A. two persons with different characteristics work togetherB. a person always recalls past painful experienceC. a person has just gotten over a serious physical diseaseD. parents abuse their children too much in early nurturing

5 Fill in the blanks by selecting suitable words from the word bank. You may not use any of the words more than once.A annoyancesF windowsK offsetsB cognitiveG immersiveI positivityC consoleH loosenM recipeD denotingJ lunchonN trivialE embracingJ nuancesG tropicalThe benefits of travel go beyond making memories and meeting new people. Staying away from the (1)____ things of daily life and exploring a new place can have a remarkably positive impact on your emotional well-being and your (2)____ powers.Travel can improve your emotional well-being in two aspects. First, changing your daily routine, for example, taking a trip to a nearby town on a weekend, can help (3)____ your mind and deal with the daily (4)____.Second, physical exercise is known to improve emotional well-being and travel offers plenty of opportunities to get active. Getting to know a new destination by (5)____ the great outdoors can boost energy levels and improve your mood.Travel can also improve your cognitive powers due to the exposure to different cultures. Whether you venture abroad or simply to the next town over, a trip away from home can help enhance your (6)____ and reveal a world of possibilities beyond your daily perspective. Something as simple as learning a new (7)____ or changing the way you spend your downtime can have a dramatic effect on your well-being. It's been proven that new experiences, particularly ones that allow you to (8)____ yourself in a different culture - improve the performance of your brain, (9)____ the restrictions, and increase creativity.A. reshapedB. redesignedC. reformedD. rescheduledA. Why notB. Let'sC. How aboutD. Would you like

arrangement attempt complaint contribution excuse meal mess preparation sense suggestion Jim,Remember I promised to keep in touch? Well, I have tried to contact you several times ,but without success.Did you hear that Jennie and Tim have decided to hold a party for Dad’s birthday? They are making 1) _______now . Jennie will help make hotel 2) _______for us . Tim has even promised to make a delicious 3)_________for the party. This summer when I left home for college,I made such a terrible 4) ________in my room! Believe it or not,I can even hear Mom making quiet 5) _______,”How could you?”in my dream.How was Dad when you were back home？ Last time when he saw me he made several 6) ________to get out of his chair. I hugged him tightly . When I felt his delicate,paper-thin skin, tears spilled from my eyes . . .I think it does make 7)_______to hold a small gathering on Dad’s birthday. So,please come on, do not let us down . You are not thinking of making 8) ________ ,are you? Please don’t . Remember to bring your girlfriend with you as Mom is always anxious about that.Jim, please make some 9)_______about their plan. That will be the greatest 10)______you make to our party!For more details,get in touch with Jennie and Tim.Love,Connie

The day _ with a welcome from the principal.A. commendedB. commencedC. commentedD. commerced

Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions below. identification prominent comprise essentialmere diverse make up one's mind （1）A meal in China typically consists of two parts main food（rice，noodles，or steamed buns），and accompanying dishes（vegetables，fish，meat，or other items）. ____ （2）For many people，delicate food is extremely important for everyday life. ____ （3）Now that she's living in China，she's decided to learn to make spring rolls（春卷） at home. ____ （4）Local people in Guilin have Guilin rice noodles（桂林米粉） not as just breakfast，but also for lunch or dinner. ____ （5）People keep culinary customs years after they migrate（移民），which shows the importance of basic foods as an element of cultural recognition. ____ （6）Sichuan hotpot is outstanding for its spicy flavor，resulting from a special seasoning Sichuan pepper（花椒）. ____ （7）Travelers in Wuhan can be satisfied by the various choices in street food. ____

Translate the sentences into English . 1.他在克服所有困难后变得成熟了,他将此视作勇气的勋章。(badge)2.没有什么东西比历史建筑更能记录时间的推移了。 （Few...are more... than... )3.对年轻人而言,在繁忙的学习或工作中挤出时间锻炼身体非常重要。(squeeze in)4.在这项研究中,有关幸福感的数据是通过健康,工作压力,闲暇时间等指标来收集的。(indicator)5.黄金周前,旅行社往往会接到大量咨询电话,应接不暇。(overwhelm)6.家长陪伴孩子时间不够多会导致孩子对于入学准备不足。(leave).