阅读理解9 _(2)C(O)_(3)+2NaOH-|||-0113191-|||-Do you need to-|||-learnEnglish for-|||-work,study or fun?-|||-3 courses-|||-Speaking Writing Listening-|||-maxdmum 10 students maximum 20 students maximum 50 students-|||-30-hour course 10 hour course 50-hour course-|||-Monday to Friday Saturday only every day of the week-|||-native teachers experienced teachers experienced teachers-|||-C125.00 ￡30.00 ￡95.00-|||-应强-|||-100(1)What information can you get from the poster?A.The man teacher.B.English courses.C.Language schools in London.D.ifferent activities in Lanleygate.(2)How much do you have to pay for both Speaking and Writing?A.£95. B.£125. C.£155. D.£220.(3)If Leo is free on Sunday afternoon, what can he do?A.Improve his listening ability.B.Join the possible smallest class.C.Have a native teacher.D.Learn how to write in English.On March 19, 2019, eight-year-old Tani won the New York Championship(纽约象棋冠军赛)of his age group. But the boy, who was homeless at the time, began learning the game less than a year ago.Tani and his family arrived in New York City from Africa in 2017. A church helped him enter the primary school, P. S. 116. Here the gifted boy was first introduced to chess by a part-time teacher Makofsky, owner of a chess club. Interested in the game, the seven-year-old asked his mother to allow him to join the club. Not able to afford the chess classes, she emailed Makofsky. To her surprise and joy, Makofsky agreed that Tani could learn it for free.Though the chess club helps, it's largely believed that Tani's success lies in hard work. The boy practices the game for many hours a day on the floor with his board. Every Saturday, Tani goes to a free 3-hour class to improve his game skills.Not surprisingly, Tani's story, first reported by The New York Times, has brought him great support from the public. Soon after the young boy won the New York Championship, Makofsky began a GoFundMe activity for Tani and his family so that he could continue his chess journey. It raised 200,000 in just ten days, far more than they expected. And the money keeps coming. But the family donates(捐赠)most of the money to the church and to those poor family!Tani has also received offers from three famous private schools in New York. However, the family have politely refused all of them and chosen to continue Tani's education at P. S. 116.While excited about his new life, Tani is ready to meet great challenges(挑战). He is busy preparing for the 2019 National Primary Championships. Winning the competition will bring the chess player closer to his dream of becoming the world's youngest chess grandmaster(大师). The record has been 17 years by the Russian chess player Karjakin, who won the title at the age of 12.(1)How old was Tani when he began to learn chess?A.Seven. B.Eight. C.Nine. D.Twelve.(2)What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A.Where Tani practices chess.B.How hard Tani works at chess.C.What Tani's mother does for him.D.How much the chess club helps.(3)What happened to Tani after winning the New York Championship?A.He hoped to see Bill Clinton.B.He went to a famous private school.C.He became the richest boy in New York.D.He got much support from society.(4)What does the writer mention the Russian chess player Karjakin?A.To call on young people to learn chess.B.To introduce his great achievements in chess.C.To show it's a big challenge for Tani to realize his dream.D.To tell people Tani has been the world's best chess player.There are many ways to help improve your health like eating healthy food. Taking exercise and getting medical help. But the easiest and cheapest way to improve your health is just to sleep eight hours or more every night. The general sleeping rule is that the younger you are, the longer sleep you need. But regardless of(不管)age, some people need to sleep more while for some a few hours is enough.The problem with sleep is that more and more people in the world are not sleeping enough. According to the World Health Organization over half the people in the world may be sleep-deprived. Having less sleep not only makes people feel tired but also causes accidents. In the United States alone, sleepy drivers cause at least 100,000 traffic accidents a year. Also sleep problems can cause medical problems such as high blood pressure(血压).Why are so many people sleep-deprived? Part of the reasons may be cultural. In the American culture, people put a higher value on work than on sleep. In fact, people who sleep a lot are usually seen as "lazy". Also, you can sometimes hear some people say proudly that they don't have much time to sleep. They only sleep four or five hours a night. It seems that the less you sleep, the more work you'll do.How do we teach these people to learn the value of sleep? Perhaps they may listen to the advice of Dr. James Maas an expert in sleep. He says, "Sleep is like a credit card. When you sleep less, you are only borrowing time. You always have to pay it back. The more hours you don't sleep, the more hours you should t sleep to 'pay back' the hours on your 'sleep credit card'."For those who value work more than sleep, they should listen to what a famous person once said. "Don't think you will be doing less work because you sleep during the night. That is a foolish idea which is held by people who have no imagination. You will be able to do more."(1)According to the writer, what is the easiest and cheapest way to improve health?A.To eat healthy food every day.B.To take exercise as much as possible.C.To get medical help whenever necessary.D.To sleep eight hours or more every night.(2)What does "sleep-deprived" mean in Paragraph 2?A.Having a good sleep. B.Excited about sleep. C.Having less sleep. D.Interested in sleep.(3)According to Dr. James Maas, what is sleep like?A.n hour. B.A report. C.A credit card. D.A piece of paper.(4)What is the best title of the passage?A.The Value of Sleep B.The Value of Study C.The Ways of Eating Less D.The Ways of Making MoneyArtificial intelligence (AI)(人工智能)is the ability of a computer program or a machine. The computer or the machine with AI can think and learn. It is also a field of study that tries to make computers "smart". John McCarthy, a scientist, came up with the name "artificial intelligence" over 60 years ago. Many things such as learning and problem solving can be done by computers, though not in the same way as people do.An unusual goal of AI research is to create computer programs. They can learn, solve problems, and think logically(逻辑地). At present, Al can successfully understanding human speech, recognizie(识别)human faces, operate self-driving cars and compete in some game systems like playing Chess. However, some people also consider AI a danger to humans if it develops too quickly. A famous British scientist also was not for this kind of technology.Math is the basic language of AI. If students are good at math, they will be more likely to become successful AI designers in the future. We need not only bright students, but also common students. As for common students, if they get enough math skills, they can also become successful AI designers. Besides, a good knowledge of computer science is also necessary for AI designing.Scientists hope to create creative and emotional(有感情的)AI. The AI can possibly understand human feelings or create art. Many ways and tools have been tried to discover this wide and exciting field.(1)What can we know from Paragraph 1?A.all problems can be solved by computers.B.machines with AI can think and learn.C.AI has been around for only 60 years.D.AI works in the same way as people.(2)According to the passage, what can't AI do at present?A.Understand human speech.B.Operate self-driving cars.C.ompete in some game systems.D.Understand human feelings.(3)What does the underlined word "it" in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.chess. B.a scientist. C.the danger. D.AI.(4)According to the passage, what should they learn well if students want to become successful AI designers?A.math and art.B.art and technology.C.math and computer science.D.art and computer science..

Marketing is all around us. We are surrounded by businesses, like Apple Computer Inc., that carry good products grown or manufactured and prepared for sale. We also see many businesses that offer services, benefits or satisfactions that improve the personal appearance, health, comfort, or peace of mind of their users. Some products are used to make services available, such as the tools an auto-mechanic uses in servicing a car. Marketing starts with people. Marketing businesses find out what customers want and work to supply those goods and services. Getting products from farms and factories to the people who will use them involves marketing at each step. Suppose a farmer recognizes the need for popcorn and decides to grow some. When the popcorn is harvested and ready for marketing, it may go to one of many places, depending on whether it is to be stored or used right away. Marketing occurs at each step: when the farmer sells it, for example, to a storage warehouse and when the warehouse in turn sells it to a supermarket or amusement park. Marketing occurs most obviously, perhaps, at the movie theater where patrons are greeted with the sight, sound, and aroma of freshly popped corn as they pass into the theater. The popcorn is a product. The movie theater where the popcorn was sold provides a service― the opportunity to see a movie. Other business marketing services include beauty salons, insurance agencies, driving schools, emergency care centers, and the telephone companies. Services are marketed as products. Services vary from other products in several ways. They are intangible and perishable. You cannot keep a plane flight, for example, nor can the airline gain income from an unsold seat. Services also vary in quality. One business-class flight may serve a hot meal while another offer only sandwiches. Finally services cannot be separated from the organization or person giving the service. You cannot buy a plane ride from a railroad. For these reasons, it is important that service businesses use marketing skills to find out what customers want and then supply it. Marketing involves many special activities. Among them are marketing research, product planning, advertising, and selling. These activities and others make up the world of marketing―a world of people, product, action and ideas. Thus, marketers respond to the needs of people. To prove the statement "Marketing is all around us", we need only take a quick imaginary tour of your community. Your first glimpse of marketing on our imaginary tour may be a store that sells food. It could be a small grocery store on the corner of your block, or it could be a large supermarket. Of course, these are not the only places that sell food. There are also meat markets, bakeries and if you live in the country, roadside fruit stands. Some stores feature one special kind of food such as health foods, cheeses, or barbecued chicken. As we continue our tour, you may see at least one department store and stores specializing in things such as shoes, jewelry, sporting goods, furniture, stationery, and flowers. You may also see businesses that sell both goods and services. Many service stations, for example, sell not only gasoline, oil, and other goods but also lubrication and repair services. And you will surely come across restaurants and snack bars that provide food and food service such as Kentucky Fried Chicken and Burger King. The businesses where you and your family buy goods and services are known as retail stores or retailers. A retailer is a business that sells goods and services to the people who use them. But marketing consists of more than the retail businesses found in all communities. Marketing is also activities you cannot buy and the people who engage in them. Some of these activities are promoting, pricing and distributing all the activities that help put the goods and services you want and need into your hands. As you continue touring your community, the billboards on highways or streets may encourage you to "Try 7 Up" or "Disneyland". Large signs above retail stores and attractive displays in store windows invite you to stop. If you turn on your car radio, you are sure to hear the announcer tell you why you should buy a certain product. Drive back to town and you may see a new car-wash business, with a huge sign, "Grand Opening Today―Half Price", and many cars lined up to take advantage of the bargain. Pass a newsstand and you can buy many kinds of newspapers and magazines which contain a wide variety of advertising. Visit a computer store and a well-informed salesperson shows you how various computers work and answers your questions about them. Many forms of promotion are an essential part of marketing. On our trip through town you may see friends buying gasoline for their cars, or a student purchasing a book. These activities are business transactions. All business transactions involve the exchange of one thing for another. In modern societies a transaction involves the exchange of goods or services for money. The amount to be paid is its price. Many things influence prices including the number of suppliers, the number of customers, and the amount of the product available. People are involved in marketing in many ways. They may be salespeople in department stores, cashiers in supermarkets, ticket sellers in movie theaters, service-station attendants, real estate agents, florists, or automobile dealers. These people are directly involved in marketing. Many others who you may not see are also a part of marketing. This group includes receiving clerks in a large store, designers of window displays, artists preparing posters, copywriters preparing newspaper ads, and so on. Now let us try to define marketing. Although marketing is sometimes called "distribution", the terms actually have different meanings. Distribution is the total process of moving, handling and storing goods on the way from producers to consumers. Marketing, in contrast, is much broader. The American Marketing Association issued this definition after a year’s study: marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. Note the wide range of this definition which includes the following major points. Marketing exists to create exchanges that satisfy the goals of individuals and organizations. To reach these goals, marketing begins with planning and follows through with pricing, promotion, and distribution. Ideas as well as goods and services are marketed. Non-profit organizations as well as profit-making ones employ the marketing process.Which of the following offers only service A．Bakeries.B．Department stores.C．Theaters.D．Kentucky Fried Chicken.

Over the past decade， the growth in highskilled jobs has largely been limited to Australia's biggest cities． Meanwhile， in rural and regional Australia lowerskilled jobs have been growing fastest． This skills gap is increasing regional differences in income and employment opportunities， despite the promises of technology and infrastructure as solutions to the tyranny of remoteness．Our research finds that jobs， particularly the highly skilled， whitecollar kind， are becoming increasingly collaborative（协作的）． Complex tasks and rapidly changing work environments have increased the need for workers who can collaborate with others to solve problems and who are open to continuous learning． Roles for highly skilled workers are becoming more specialized． This specialization means more collaboration with other specialists and greater space for market positioning．The productive advantages of cities are selfreinforcing． Skilled workers benefit from the opportunity to learn from and add value with other skilled workers． The coordination（协调） costs of this collaborative work are reduced when team members are colocated．Employers also benefit from proximity（接近） to similar firms because there is a larger pool of skilled candidates for new jobs and better access to potential business partners． All these advantages encourage further specialization and productivity gains， with the result that workers and business continue to concentrate around large city centers．The growing skills divide between urban and rural Australia reflects a paradox（悖论） of the digital economy． While digital technology represents a channel for bridging geographic distance， highly skilled workers are increasingly crowding into cities．The latest census（人口普查） data shows no change in the rate of working from home， despite muchimproved digital infrastructure in some areas． In time this may change， perhaps as video confferencing technology improves． However， while better technology might allow regional workers to interact with colleagues and clients in cities， it will also make it easier for citybased professionals to service regional areas．Employment is still growing in regional Australia． But the fact that cities make highly skilled workers more productive means the gap in skilled employment is likely to continue to widen．Attempts to swim against this tide by moving skilled jobs to the country will be expensive． Currently， subsidies（补助金） are needed to attract and retain（保留） highly skilled health professionals to regional communities． Despite this， our analysis of the latest census data shows that the skills gap between regions and cities is still growing．So these subsidies are not translating into sustainable， collaborative communities of highskilled regional workers． Instead， regions need to focus on their strengths， and foster the entrepreneurship that can create new sources of gainful employment．The government's move towards more individualised funding arrangements in the aged care and disability care sectors will increasingly become a resilient（有弹性的） source of income for workers and businesses in regional communities． Demand for aged care services is expected to increase dramatically in the coming decades， such that by 2050 some 3.5 million Australians will require aged care． Adding to this， regional communities are experiencing population ageing at a faster rate than the large capital cities．These are important jobs which should be recognised as such． There will be opportunities for regional businesses to provide the technology and services （ranging from personalised transport to food services） which allow older people and Australians with disability to remain active and healthy．Currently people from the regions who are eager for professional careers typically move to the city to study． In many cases they do not return． Here， technology may be part of the solution． Combining specialised online educational resources with good local support teachers could enable students to access a much wider range of courses from regional areas．Regional communities will also need entrepreneurs（企业家） to develop the future industries and microbusinesses which improve the diversity and resilience of the local economy． However， startups and existing businesses are more likely to survive and expand when there is a supportive entrepreneurship ecosystem， including access to relevant skills development opportunities．65． What is the remarkable characteristic of the highskilled job？ ____ A． Collaboration． B． Complexity． C． Organization． D． Sustainability．66． Workers and business continue to concentrate around large city centers in that ____ ．A． highly skilled workers increase the coordination costsB． potential business partners live close to large city centersC． they encourage selfdependence and increase differencesD． they benefit from specialization and productive advantages67． What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5mean？ ____ A． Digital infrastructure in some areas have been greatly improved．B． The lowerskilled workers are likely to have a considerable income．C． Digital technology doesn't necessarily bridge the gap in skilled employment．D． The government will have more support and preferential policies for business．68． The author mentions "aged care services" to indicate that ____ ．A． they lack proper management 　B． they can bring new jobs to regionsC． they focus on their technical strengths 　D． they help regions' funding arrangements69． What is the key message of the last paragraph？ ____ A． Combining online resources with local support teachers is a good way．B． Entrepreneurs can improve the diversity to develop their own industries．C． Regional communities supply sufficient subsidies to pay skilled workers．D． Supportive entrepreneurship ecosystems play a crucial role in regional areas．70． What does the passage mainly talk about？ ____ A． Lowskilled jobs have been growing fast in regional Australia．B． Regional Australia is committed to the development of local economy．C． The skill jobs gap is increasing between cities and regions in Australia．D． Highly skilled workers crowd into cities to pursue career development．

【题目】POWERING T HE PLANETA Despite modern society's heavy dependence onfossil fuels for energy, most people are aware that the supply of these fuels is finite. As oil and other fossil fuels become more costly and difficult to find, researchers are looking at alternative energy sources, including solar, wind, and even nuclear power. But which substitute-if any-is the right one?SolarB Solar panels catch energy directly from the sun and convert it into electricity. One of the world's largest solar power stations is in the Indian state ofT amil Nadu, where more than 2.5 million solar pan(hac)/(OO^2)else the capacity to generate enough power for 7500 people. But unlike the burning of fossil fuels, the process used to create all that solar energy produces no emissions.C T oday, however, solar power provides less than 2 percent of the world's energy, primarily becausethe cost of the panels is still very high. But price isonly one issue. Clouds and darkness also cause solarpanels to produce less energy. T his requires that additional power sources (such as batteries) be available.D Some scientists think the solution to this problem can be found in space, which is the ideal place to gather energy from the sun. With no clouds and no nighttime, a space-based solar power station couldoperate constantly. T hese stations would send the power back to Earth, which could then be turned into electricity for consumption. Advocates of solar space stations say this technology would initially require a lot of money, but eventually it could provide continuous, clean energy that would be cheaper than other fuels. Also, unlike other energy sources, solar power from space would last as long as the sun shines, and would guarantee everyone on Earth all the energy theyneed.WindE Wind-the fastest-growing alternative energy source-is another way of collecting energy from thesun. Wind is caused by the sun's heat rather than its light. T herefore, unlike solar power, wind power works well even on cloudy days.F All over the world, incentives designed to decrease the dependence on oil and coal have led to a steep increase in wind-powered energy. T oday, Asia leads the world in wind power, producing around 230,000 megawatts, the equivalent of 230 large coal-powered plants. Europe produces nearly 180, 000 megawatts. North America remains a distant third, at 105, 000.G Despite its successes, some people are protesting wind-power development, saying the turbines are both noisy and ugly. Just outside England's Lake District-a protected national park-a dozen existing windtowers are due to be removed. "T his is a high-quality landscape, " says one local homeowner. "T hey shouldn't be putting those things in here."H There are other challenges, too. If the winddoesn't blow, the turbines are not able to produce adequate energy. As a result, other power sources are needed. In contrast, a strong wind can create too muchpower. In cases like this, the energy company must sell the extra power at a much-reduced rate, which isnot good for business.I What's needed for both wind and solar is a way to store a large energy surplus. However, most systems are still decades away from making this a reality. On the plus side, both wind and solar power enable people to generate their own energy where they live: people can have their own windmills or solar panels, with batteries for calm days.NuclearJ In the 1970s, nuclear power was seen as themain energy alternative. Nuclear power produces vastamounts of electricity more cheaply than gas or coal,with no carbon emissions. For a number of years inthe 1980s and '90s, however, use of nuclear power declined due to accidents, concerns about nuclear wastestorage and disposal, and high construction costs.K T oday, times are changing. Worldwide, about450 plants generate 11 percent of the planet's electric power, and some countries have invested heavily innuclear energy. France, for instance, gets three-quarters of its electricity from nuclear power, the highestpercentage of any country. China has started to build one or two new plants a year, and India has alsobegun to utilize nuclear energy on a large scale.L However, there are still concerns about the safety of nuclear power, as seen, for example, at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. The country had to close the nuclear reactors at Fukushima when the plant was hit by a tsunami and, as a consequence, began releasing substantial amounts of radioactive materials. Many still believe, however, that nuclear power is one of the future's greenest energy alternatives.M In the end, are any of these sources alone theanswer to our current energy problems? The short answer is no, but used in some combination-along with other power sources-we may find ways to reduceand eventually eliminate our dependence on fossil fuels.(1) What is this reading mainly about?A. possible replacements for fossil fuelsB. the various causes of the global energy crisisC. the benefits of solar power over other alternative energy sourcesD. problems caused by our overdependence on fossil fuels(2) Which of these statements about solar energy isstated in the text?A. Solar is currently the biggest contributor to theworld's energy.B. Solar energy is cheap to produce due to the low price of solar panels.C. Solar space stations could be the solution to the energy crisis.D. Solar energy can have a harmful effect on the environment.(3) What is NOT mentioned as a disadvantage ofwind power?A. Strong winds can produce too much power.B. Strong winds can damage the turbines.C. T he turbines can create a lot of noise.D. Some people consider the turbines to be ugly.(4) Which country gets most of its power from nuclear power?A.FranceB. IndiaC.JapanD.China(5) Which question is closest in meaning to In the end, are any of these sources alone the answer toour current energy problems? (paragraph M)A. Is there an energy source that can solve all ofour energy problems on its own?B. Can our current energy problems be solved bymaking sure we stop burning fossil fuel?C. Can we solve our energy problems by using allthe alternative energy sources together?D. Is finding an alternate to fossil fuels the onlyway to solve our energy problems?

Which of the following statements does the author support?A. Specialists are more expensive to hire than generalists.B. Formal schooling is less important than job training.C. On-the-job training is, in the long run, less costly.D. Generalists will outdo specialists in management.

A. incident B. insulated C. immediately D. ideologically E. baffled F. constrict G. hesitantly H. admittedly I. obedience J. peering K. intimate L. revealing M. overlapping N. patiently O. indignation I don’t mean to say that there was no privacy in this country. But what I experience in an office made me____ as to what privacy really meant to many people there. One day, I went into the office. Seeing people______their quite personal stories in front of many others made me uncomfortable. “Do as the Romans do” I told myself . So I waited____and tried to avoid the sound coming from the person in front of the line. Then I sensed that someone was______through my shoulder and stared at the paper that I was holding. “Do as the Romans do” I murmured quietly. Moments later, my brother came and we discussed at the corner of the office with the documents open on the desk . Almost _____, I saw a man was staring at the documents. His staring lasted ( about three minutes ) till I _____reminded him that it was a personal document and... My mouth dropped seeing him exploded at me, reminding me with______that it was a public place and he stared at just the desk not the document. This____made me remember what I went through when I visit doctors while I was living in the city. Whoever visited doctors knew that doctors questioned their patients in front of all the other patients or listeners. Quite embarrassing sometimes ______ , when you have to involuntarily take the ___information of someone else, which you really don’t want to.

Negotiating Skills Can Be Learned Managers negotiate continuously, with superiors, subordinates, peers and clients. Researchers and practitioners have observed that former organizational structures and behaviors are now giving way to new organizational models in which authority, commands and control along with fixed roles play a lesser, or at least a less definite, role. The crucial role of negotiation, meanwhile, is gaining prominence. Globalization, market deregulation, and technological changes, along with increasing interdependence and market complexity, have contributed to increasing the instances when conscious negotiation is preferable to other forms of interaction. Coupled with the increase in the use of negotiation have been advances in the theory of negotiation and the fast growth in the number of publications on the subject. Gilles Gauthier, full professor at the Institut d’economie appliquee (IEA) at the Hautes etudes commereiales (HEC), teaches the course "Managers and Negotiation" for students and professionals. No such course existed when he was doing his studies in the 1960s. Gauthier is self-taught in the field and has become a specialist. He believes negotiation is an important component and integral part of management. He found that the only courses offered on the topic involved collective agreement negotiations. "Not all managers are involved in negotiating such agreements. What most managers do is much broader in scope," adds Gauthier. He decided to take a year’s leave to read up on the topic and investigate what was happening elsewhere. Gauthier found out that few universities offered training in negotiating. Training in the field was initially designed for lawyers and tended to promote an adversarial style of engagement. Some schools offered management or conflict resolution courses. For Gauthier, negotiation doesn’t necessarily involve a conflict, just a disagreement. His research motivated him to design the course mentioned above, which has been part of the MBA program at the HEC for two years now. It is also offered in the HEC’s continuing education program for professionals who want to learn more about these concepts.Strategic limits For Gauthier, negotiation is a process whereby at least two parties have to reach an agreement. It’s a way of making a decision where each party has a fight of veto. He adds that there are all kinds of negotiations, not just contracts. There are negotiations with other administrative units, even family negotiations. The definition of negotiation varies, but Francois Delivre’s definition seems fairly comprehensive: Negotiation is a process for managing disagreements with a view to achieving contractual satisfaction of needs. Negotiation is a process, that is, a method that consists of a number of steps, a method for managing disagreements, because the two parties could not initially agree to satisfy their needs to their mutual satisfaction. It is therefore a desire to achieve contractual satisfaction, because the goal is to establish an agreement specifying the nature of the exchange. All authors agree that negotiation is a process. Gauthier says that some people always negotiate in exactly the same way, whether they’re at the office or at home, even if the context is different. He says that’s a big mistake. Understanding the context and good preparation are vital to the success of any negotiation. Gauthier explains that there is more than one way of negotiating. He’s currently writing a book outlining 1,200 negotiating tactics, which are not necessarily appropriate for all situations or strategies. Tactics differ from strategies. The latter refers to the type of approach one takes to a negotiation― generally these fall into two main camps, either a collaborative or a competitive approach. Tactics help achieve a specific strategy.Negotiating models Gauthier advises negotiators to have a strategy from the outset, whether competitive (winner ― loser), cooperative (win-win), compromise (win a little-win a little), inaction (so as not to lose today), accommodation (lose now to win later) or withdrawal (negotiate elsewhere where you can Win). Many negotiators have used and continue to use a competitive approach, even a confrontational approach, in their negotiations. Any success in such cases is more often than not short-lived. Manipulative behavior and power tripping generally lead to failure. Competition leads to power straggles (蔓延) in negotiation. So the parties to the negotiation can easily get involved in power tripping. A person initiates a power trip when he or she has every intention of exercising his or her authority or desire to dominate by forcing the other party to take a complementary position. There is no choice but victory or defeat. This approach taken by one or both of the negotiators obviously confines the possible outcome significantly. Whenever one of the parties uses a disrespectful tone of voice, presents ultimatums or refuses to participate for fear of losing face, the situation is confrontational and positions are strongly established. The negotiation is blocked and destined to fail, even if one of the parties seems to have won. It’s a one-side victory, short term, which will result in a boomerang (自食其果) effect. The party that lost will be looking to revenge. In a number of cooperative negotiating Styles such as win-win or compromise negotiation, the focus is on mutual respect and reasoned deliberation. Once the strategy is clear, the next step is to choose the appropriate tactics. Good preparation means determining precise objectives from the start, understanding the other party (past negotiating style, type of negotiator, etc) and using professionals to obtain the maximum amount of useful data about the position of the other party.Soft skills The most effective negotiators are those who succeed in reaching an agreement that allows each party to achieve their original objectives. If the objectives of the two parties are completely contradictory and have no chance of being tempered to reach a sound agreement, negotiators should be prepared to walk away. A winner will know from the start what he or she will do if the negotiations fail. A loser will not have thought this through. Some people can adapt to all kinds of situations. They make excellent negotiators. Others have a less flexible personality, which is a problem because their personality limits their response. "Negotiators have to be able to lead the process," says Gauthier. All parties involved in negotiations have to be skilled at leading such a process. Research in negotiation carried out in the past 15 years at Harvard University has shown that "the most successful negotiators are those who define success not as beating their adversaries but as doing the best they can for themselves." The compromise that results from cooperation will not lead to the greatest possible gain; it requires a shared sacrifice. Negotiation is all about interpersonal communication. The rapport (融洽和谐的关系) in interpersonal communication should favor responsibility and cooperation, thereby establishing an environment in which the parties feel like they are interdependent and part of a partnership. The ability to do this is a skill that has to be learned. Learning requires an open, inquisitive attitude. Rigid positions, confrontations, ineffective principles, and confrontational or manipulative strategies have to be avoided. The goal is to establish a sense of solidarity, and create bridges that will lead to satisfactory solutions for both parties. Constructive dialogue means showing the other party what part of their argument is compatible with the problem to be resolved. Understanding the other person’s position doesn’t mean agreeing with their position,. but rather respecting it, and remaining flexible in exploring options. Recognizing that negotiation can be learned is a relatively new concept. Those who believe they are good negotiators may well be in for a surprise, because many managers are studying negotiating tactics and are not afraid to put them to the test. Understanding how to prepare yourself for negotiations will help you succeed without creating an adversarial relationship with the other party―an essential skill in ongoing business relationships.What might happen if a competitive approach is used in a negotiation A. Success in such cases probably last a long time.B. The parties can hardly get involved in power tripping.C. There is no other result except victory and failure.D. The possible outcome is diversified significantly.

3.It's hard to imagine living in a place where there are no cars .（3分）4. 为了在天黑前到达，我们早早就动了身 。( in order to ) ( 3 分 ) 5 . More skilled workers are badly needed in my uncle's factory . ( 3 分 ) 6. 如果你们要她来，就事先通知她。( in advance ) ( 3 分 ) 7. 听说他已经去了澳大利亚。 ( It is said that . . . ) ( 3 分) 8 . We tried to get them to agree, but without much success . ( 3 分 ) 9 . It was really surprising that the profits of the company were 15 % lower than last year.

Replace the Underlined part in each of the following sentences with a word from the box below.Write your answer in the brackets.Make changes or additions where necessary. option ease anticipate text identity appetite identify parenthood exceed anxiety （1）There's no doubt that this is a market full of potential，but only if you have a strong desire for risk. ____ （2）We thought the concert in the park would be popular but we didn't expect so many people to turn up so early. ____ （3）The research findings show that children normally feel a lot of worries about their first day at school. ____ （4）I'm 25 years old and my mother still ends our conversations with"Make sure you send a message when you get home." ____ （5）He said investigators were still trying to determine who the man was and couldn't immediately provide details about the case. ____ （6）The gunman in Wednesday's attack has been recognized as Lee Giggs，an unemployed truck driver. ____ （7）The motor retail business is now enjoying its strongest growth in five years，with its results going beyond market expectations. ____ （8）Regardless of salaries starting at about ￡30.000，none of the children see a job in the steel works as a career choice. ____