"The dangerous thing about lying is people don't understand how the act changes us, “says DanAriely, behavioural psychologist at Duke University. Psychologists have documented children lying as early as the age of two. Some experts even consider lying a developmental milestone, like crawling and walking, because it requires sophisticated planning, attention and the ability to see a situation from someone else's perspective to manipulate them. But, for most people, lying gets limited as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate. Harvard cognitive neuroscientist. Joshua Greene says, for most of us, lying takes work. In studies, he gave subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gain while examining their brains in a functional MRI machine, which maps blood flow to active parts of the brain. Some people told the truth instantly and instinctively. But others opted to lie, and they showed increased activity in their frontal parietal(颅腔壁的) control network , which is involved in difficult or complex thinking. This suggests that they were deciding between truth and dishonesty—and ultimately opting for the latter. For a follow-up analysis, he found that people whose neural(神经的) reward centres were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars—suggesting that lying may have to do with the inability to resist temptation. External conditions also matter in terms of when and how often we lie. We are more likely to lie, research shows，when we are able to rationalise it, when we are stressed and fatigued or see others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we have moral reminders or when we think others are watching. “We as a society need to understand that, when we don't punish lying，we increase the probability it will happen again , " Ariely says. In a 2016 study published in the journal Nature Neuroscience，Ariely and colleagues showed how dishonesty alters people's brains，making it easier to tell lies in the future. When people uttered a falsehood, the scientists noticed a burst of activity in their amygdala. The amygdala is a crucial part of the brain that produces fear，anxiety and emotional responses—including that sinking，guilty feeling you get when you lie. But when scientists had their subjects play a game in which they won money by deceiving their partner，they noticed the negative signals from the amygdala began to decrease. Not only that，but when people faced no consequences for dishonesty ,their falsehoods tended to get even more sensational. This means that if you give people multiple opportunities to lie for their own benefit, they start with little lies which get bigger over time.1. Why do some experts consider lying a milestone in a child's development?A. It shows they have the ability to view complex situations from different angles.B. It indicates they have an ability more remarkable than crawling and walking.C. It represents their ability to actively interact with people around them.D. It involves the coordination of both their mental and physical abilities.2. Why does the Harvard neuroscientist say that lying takes work?A. It is hard to choose from several options.B. It is difficult to sound natural or plausible.C. It requires speedy blood flow into one's brain.D. It involves lots of sophisticated mental activity.3. Under what circumstances do people tend to lie?A. When they become too emotional.B. When they face too much peer pressure. C. When the temptation is too strong.D. When the consequences are not imminent.4. When are people less likely to lie?A. When they are worn out and stressed. B. When they are under watchful eyes. C. When they think in a rational way.D. When they have a clear conscience.5. What does the author say will happen when a liar does not get punished?A. They may feel justified.B. They will tell bigger lies. C. They will become complacent.D. They may mix lies and truths.

When a rare disease ALD threatened to kill the four-year-old boy Lorenzo, his parents refused to give up hope. Doctors explained that there was no cure for ALD, and that he would probably die within three years. But Lorenzo’s parents set out to prove the doctors wrong. The parents devoted themselves to keeping their son alive and searching for a cure. But doctors and the families of other ALD patients often refused to take them seriously. They thought the efforts to find a cure were a waste of time, and drug companies weren’t interested in supporting research into such a rare disease. However, the parents still refused to give up and spent every available hour in medical libraries and talking to anyone who would help. Through trial and error, they finally created a cure from ingredients (调料) commonly found in the kitchen. The cure, named "Lorenzo’s Oil", saved the boy’s life. Despite the good results, scientists and doctors remained unconvinced. They said there was no real evidence that the oil worked and that the treatment was just a theory. As a result, some families with ALD children were reluctant to try it. Finally, the boy’s father organized an international study to test the oil. After ten years of trials, the answer is: the oil keeps ALD children healthy. (1) Doctors said that Lorenzo might die within three years because_____ . A. they had never treated the disease before B. Lorenzo was too young to be cured C. no cure had been found for ALD D. ALD was a rare disease (2) The families of other ALD patients thought that _____ . A. the research for the new cure would cost too much money B. the efforts of Lorenzo’s parents were a waste of time C. Lorenzo’s parents would succeed in finding a cure D. Lorenzo’s oil was a real cure for ALD (3) Scientists and doctors believed that Lorenzo’s Oil_____. A. was really effective B. was a success story C. only worked in theory D. would save the boy’s life (4) From the passage we can conclude that_____. A. doctors remain doubtful of the effectiveness of the cure B. many ALD patients still refuse to use the oil C. various cures have been found for ALD D. the oil really works as a cure for ALD

What does Aleis Walton plan to do after his graduation after high schoolA Go to college.B Pursue higher learningC Begin a careerD Make history in his family

It was better than The Wright Flyer in thatA. it had a stronger bodyB. its engine was more powerfulC. it could stay longer in the airD. it could change directions more easily

Part III Translation (20%)Section A (10%)Directions: Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.When Maria registered at the Sorbonne, in Paris, she signed her name as “Marie” to seem more French. She quickly realized her high school education and self-study had not prepared her for the Sorbonne. She had planned to live with Bronia, but took a drafty garret apartment closer to the school so she would have more time to study. To afford the rent, she often subsisted only on bread and tea. Her health suffered, but the hard work paid off. When it was time for the final examinations, she was first in her class. She earned her master’s degree in physics in July 1893. Women’s education advocates gave her a scholarship to stay and take a second degree in mathematics, awarded in 1894.

6. Which of the following sentences do not use the rhetorical device of transferred epithet?A. Like women in English novels who walk the moors with their loyal dogs racing at a respectful distance.B. I heard the soft-voiced Mrs. Flowers and the textured voice of my grandmother merging and melting.C. and my image of her would have been shattered like the unendurable Humpty-Dumpty.

【单选题】What does the author mean by saying "blunt the sharp edge of enthusiasm" (Para. 4)? PASSAGE PASSAGE PASSAGE After decades of being on the back burner owing to costs far outweighing benefits, deep sea mining is now emerging as a serious threat to the stability of ocean systems and processes that have yet to be understood well enough to punish in good conscience their large-scale destruction. Critical to evaluating what is at stake are technologies needed to access the deep sea. The mining company, Nautilus Minerals, has invested heavily in mining machinery. However, resources needed for independent scientific assessment at those depths are essentially non-existent. The role of life in the deep sea relating to the carbon cycle is vaguely understood, and the influence of the microbial(微生物) systems (only recently discovered) and the diverse ecosystems in the water column and sea bed have yet to be thoughtfully analyzed. The principle of exploiting minerals in the deep sea is based on their perceived current monetary value. The living systems that will be destroyed are perceived to have no monetary value. Will decisions about use of the natural world continue to be based on the financial advantage for a small number of people despite risks to systems that maintain planetary stability -- systems that support human survival? The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) World Conservation Congress helps set in motion some significant and very timely actions that could help blunt the sharp edge of enthusiasm for dividing up the deep ocean. Whatever it takes, there must be ways to elevate recognition of the critical importance of intact natural systems. We need technologies to access the deep sea to independently explore and understand the nature of Earth's largest living system. But most importantly, we need the will to challenge and change the attitudes, traditions and policies about the natural world that have driven us to burn through the assets as if there is no tomorrow. This "as if" can be a reality -- or not -- depending on what we do now. Or what we fail to do. However, there is undeniably cause for hope: there is still time to choose.A. Put a stop to the deep sea mining projects.B. Solve the conflicts among deep sea miners.A.Cool down the craze of deep sea exploitation.D. Recognize the enthusiasm towards the ocean.

36.What should you do when you need to answer a phone call during a performance?A) Call back after the performance. B) Answer it near the exit door.C) Talk outside the exit door. D) Speak in a low voice.37.Putting your mobile phone on a restaurant table may make your friends thinkA) you prefer to talk to your friends at the table B) you value your calls more than your friendsC) you are enjoying the company of your friends D) you are polite and considerate of your friends38.When you are calling in a noisy area,you are advised to .A) use a more sensitive microphone B) shout loudly into your microphoneC) go away quietly to continue the phone call D) use your hand to help speak into the phone39.The author implies that the use of mobile phones in such places as museums should be .A) limited B) expected C) discouraged D) recommended40.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A) You should limit your mobile phone calls to personal affairs.B) You should speak quietly into your phone while in a church.C) You are supposed to turn off your mobile phone at a funeral.D) You are supposed to use your mobile phone as much as possible.

It is a well-known fact that those who suffer from stress at work are often unskilled workers doing uninteresting, repetitive jobs, especially those on production lines. Many of them have already turned to medicines to fight against sleeplessness and fear about the future, two of the signs of long-term stress and depression. In Britain, people spend 650 million pounds a year on different kinds of medicines. About one third of this is spent on those medicines dealing with stress and depression. People take three million sleeping tablets every night. Although these “drugs of the mind” can be extremely useful in cases of crisis, most patients would be better off without them. There are many causes of stress: uninteresting work, unemployment, poor housing, family problems, overcrowding and financial worry are all important factors. Nevertheless, doctors believe that if people learnt to breathe properly, took more exercise, used their leisure time more actively and expressed their anger instead of holding it in, they would not depend so much on drugs, which treat only the outward signs and not the cause of the stress. If doctors refused prescriptions more often and discouraged patients with minor illnesses from visiting the doctors, the country would have more money to spend on improving leisure facilities and adult education, which are at present inadequate in many parts of the country. Moreover, doctors would have more time to spend on those patients in real need of their help. 63. The passage tells us that _______ . A. unskilled workers are more likely to suffer from stress B. about one-third of the British workers worry about the future C. most patients feel uncomfortable with medicines D. people spend 650 million pounds on sleeping tablets every year 64. The word “depression” (Paragraph 1) means _______ . A. humor B. low spiritC. good effort D. balance 65. According to the writer’s opinion, _______ . A. some medicines have a long-term effect on the mind B. the ways to treat the cause of stress remain unknown C. those who suffer from stress need to have a good rest D. taking medicines is not a good way to overcome stress 66. In this passage, the writer states that _______ . A. patients should visit their doctors whenever they feel unwell B. the government should spend more money on people’s health C. nowadays people spend too much time on their leisure activities D. doctors offered patients medicines more often than necessary

Questions22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.-|||-22.A)The relation between hair and skin. C)The color of human skin.-|||-B)The growing interest in skin studies. D)The need of skin protection.-|||-23.A) The necessity to save energy. C)The need to breathe with ease.-|||-B)Adaptation to the hot environment. D) Dramatic climate changes on earth.-|||-24.A)Leaves and grass. C)Their skin coloring.-|||-B) Man-madeshelter. D)Hair on their skin.-|||-25.A)Their genetic makeup began to change.-|||-B) Their communities began to grow steadily.-|||-C) Their children began to mix with each other.-|||-D)Their pace of evolution began to quicken.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard. 22.A) The relation between hair and skin. C) The color of human skin. B)The growing interest in skin studies. D)The need of skin protection. 23. A) The necessity to save energy. C) The need to breathe with ease. B)Adaptation to the hot environment. D)Dramatic climate changes on earth. 24.A) Leaves and grass. C) Their skin coloring. B)Man-made shelter. D)Hair on their skin. 25. A) Their genetic makeup began to change. B) Their communities began to grow steadily. C) Their children began to mix with each other. D)Their pace of evolution began to quicken.