Biologists believe that love is fundamentally a biological rather than a cultural construct, because the capacity for love is found in all human cultures and similar behavior is found in some other animals．In humans the purpose of all the desire is to focus attention on the raising of offspring. Children demand an unusual amount of parenting, and two parents are better than one. Love is a signal that both partners are committed, and makes it more likely that this commitment will continue as long as necessary for children to reach independence. But what does science have to say about the notion of love at first sight?In recent years the ability to watch the brain in action has offered a wealth of insight into the mechanics of love. Researchers have shown that when a person falls in love, a dozen different part of brain work together to release chemicals that trigger feelings of euphoria, bonding and excitement. It has also been shown that the unconditional love between a mother and a child is associated with activity in different regions of the brain from those associated with pair-bonding love.Passionate love is rooted in the reward circuitry of the brain-the same area that is active when humans feel a rush from cocaine. In fact, the desire, motivations and withdrawals involved in love have a great deal in common with addiction. Its most intense forms tend to be associated with the early stages of a relationship, which then give way to a calmer attachment form of love one feels with a long term partner.What all this means is that one special person can become chemically rewarding to the brain of another. Love at first sight, then, is only possible if the mechanism for generating long﹣term attachment can be triggered quickly. There are signs that it can be. One line of evidence is that people are able to decide within a second how attractive they find another person. This decision appears to be related to facial attractiveness, although men may favor women with waist-to-hip ratio of 0.7, no matter what their overall weight is. (This ratio may indicate a woman's reproductive health. )Another piece of evidence comes from work by a psychologist at Ben-Gurion University, who found in a survey that a small percentage (11%) of people in long-term relationships said that they began with love at first sight. In other words, in some couples the initial favorable impressions of attractiveness triggered love which sustained a lengthy bond. It is also clear that some couples need to form their bonds over a longer period, and popular culture tells many tales of friends who become lovers.One might also assume that if a person is looking for a partner with traits that cannot be quantified instantly, such as compassion, intellect or a good sense of humor, then it would be hard to form a relationship on the basis of love at first sight. Those more concerned with visual appearances, though, might find this easier. So it appears that love at first sight exists, but is not a very common basis for long-term relationships.1. When a person falls in love,____.A.he feels as if he were addicted to cocaine.B.he will be committed to the beloved as long as necessary.C.he will experience complex feelings brought on by different regions of his brain.D.he will experience a calmer attachment form of love before he feels the extreme love.2. We can infer from the passage that____.A.pair-bonding love comes from a long stable friendship.B.the mechanism for creating long-term attachment ensures love at first sightC.it is impossible for those ordinary-looking people to fall in love at first sight.D.men may be attracted by a girl whose figure suggests her admirable reproductive capacity.3. The underlined word " traits" in the last paragraph probably means____.A.characteristicsB.something typical in your temperC.particular quantities in your personalityD.attitudes that show your moral standards4. Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?A.The stages of passionate loveB.The science of love at first sightC.The biological construct of pair-bondingD.The mechanism for generating long-term love.

礼貌待人标准化要求的三 s 是指：A. stand, sleep, smileB. study, stupid, smileC. stand, see, smileD. smile, strange, stand

It is not unusual today for old people to spoil their grandchildren with toys and sweets and to 1 to their aggressive demands. It is natural that old people adore (爱) their grandchildren, but is not normal that this adoration should go so far as to create little emperors and empresses. Such adoration has a 2 effect on the children"s personalities and moral standards. A survey of 152 such families found that 88 percent of grandparents admitted that they tended to yield to their grandchildren"s every request, especially if the children had resorted to tears. It seems that when children are told off by their parents or teachers, their elder relatives interfere protecting and comforting the children. When the children are 3 to do some family chores (杂务), 59 percent of the old people said they would invariably (总是) do it for them. Some grandparents would even go to 4 to sweep floors and wash windows for their grandchildren. It has become usual that when little boys and girls get good 5 in examinations, their grandparents reward them. As a result, the children have come to take these favours for granted (认为……是理所当然) and have become less 6 towards others. Parents and teachers have all appealed to old people to be 7 for the sake of future generations. The problems of these spoiled children can be 8 . First, parents and grandparents should understand that their 9 is to train the children to become both self-controlled and self-dependent. Second, they should allow the children to be more independent. And third, young parents should 10 with the old instead of leaving the grandparents entirely responsible to raise the children.A. beneficial I. quarrelB. considerate J. requiredC. cooperate K. schoolD. information L. sensibleE. marks M. solvedF. negative N. taskG. participated O. yield H. precisely

In the past, falling oil prices have given a boost to the world economy, but recent forecasts for global growth have been toned down(不容乐观), even as oil prices sink lower and lower. Does that mean the link between lower oil prices and growth has weakened?Some experts say there are still good reasons to believe cheap oil should heat up the world economy. Consumers have more money in their pockets when they're paying less at the pump. They spend that money on other things, which stimulates the economy. The biggest gains go to countries that import most of their oil like China, Japan, and India. But doesn't the extra money in the pockets of those countries' consumers mean an equal loss in oil producing countries, cancelling out the gains? Not necessarily, says economic researcher Sara Johnson. "Many oil producers built up huge reserve funds when prices were high, so when prices fall they will draw on their reserves to support government spending, and subsidies(补贴) for their consumers."But not all oil producers have big reserves. In Venezuela, collapsing oil prices have sent its economy into free-fall. Economist Carl Weinberg believes the negative effects of plunging oil prices are overwhelming(压垮) the positive effects of cheaper oil. The implication(牵连) is a sharp decline in global trade, which has plunged(暴跌) partly because oil-producing nations can't afford to import as much as they used to. Sara Johnson acknowledges that the global economic benefit from a fall in oil prices today is likely lower than it was in the past. One reason is that more countries are big oil producers now, so the nations suffering from the price drop account for a larger share of the global economy.Consumers, in America at least, are acting cautiously with the savings they're getting at the gas pump, as the memory of the recent great recession(经济衰退) is still fresh in their mind. And a number of oil-producing countries are trimming their gasoline subsidies and raising taxes, so the net savings for global consumers is not as big as the oil price plunge might suggest. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage?A. The reasons behind the plunge of oil prices.B. Possible ways to stimulate the global economy.C. The effect of falling oil prices on consumer spending.D. The impact of cheap oil on global economic growth.Why do some experts believe cheap oil will stimulate the global economy?A. Manufacturers can produce consumer goods at a much lower cost.B. Consumers will spend their saving from cheap oil on other commodities.C. Lower oil prices have always given a big boost to the global economy.D. Oil prices may rise or fall but economic laws are not subject to change.What happens in many oil-exporting countries when oil prices go down?A. They use their money reserves to back up consumption.B. They suspend import of necessities from overseas.C. They reduce production drastically to boost oil prices.D. They try to stop their economy from going into free-fall.How does Carl Weinberg view the current oil price plunge?A. It is one that has seen no parallel in economic history.B. It still has a chance to give rise to a boom in the global economy.C. Its negative effects more than cancel out its positive effects.D. Its effects on the global economy go against existing economic laws.Why haven't falling oil prices stimulated the global economy as they did before?A. People are not spending all the money they save on gas.B. The global economy is likely to undergo another recession.C. Oil importers account for a larger portion of the global economy.D. People the world over are afraid of a further plunge in oil prices.

Each of us carries about half a dozen defective genes. We remain unaware of this fact unless we, or one of our close relatives, are amongst the many millions who suffer from a genetic disease. About one in ten people has, or will develop at some later stage, an inherited genetic disorder, and approximately 2,800 specific conditions are known to be caused by defects in just one of the patient's genes. Some single gene disorders are quite common-cystic fibrosis (纤维症) is found in one out of every 2,500 babies born in the Western world- and in total, diseases that can be traced to single gene defects account for about five percent of all admissions to children's hospitals. Most of us do not suffer any harmful effects from our defective genes because we carry two copies of nearly all genes, one derived from our mother and the other from our father. The only exceptions to this rule are the genes found on the male sex chromosomes(染色体). Males have one X and one Y chromosome, the former from the mother and the latter from the father, so each cell has only one copy of the genes on these chromosomes. in the majority of cases, the normal gene is sufficient to avoid all the symptoms of disease. If the potentially harmful gene is recessive(隐性的), then the normal gene will carry out all the tasks assigned to both. Only if we inherit from our parents two copies of the same recessive gene will a disease develop. On the other hand, if the gene is dominant, it alone can produce the disease, even if the other one is normal. Clearly only the children of a parent with the disease can be affected, and then on average only half the children will be affected. Huntington's chorea(舞蹈症) a severe disease of the nervous system, which becomes apparent only in adulthood, is an example of a dominant genetic disease.1. What does the author state about the genetic disease?A. It's very likely that the defects in just one gene can result a many as 2800genetic diseases.B. Most genetic diseases are developed in childhood.C. Everyone Knows clearly that he carries some defective genes which can cause genetic diseases.D. The defective genes can cause genetic diseases inevitably.2. What do you know about the male sex ceil?A. Each has both one X chromosome and one Y chromosomeB. Each has only one X chromosomeC. Each has either one X x chromosome or one Y chromosomeD. Each has only one Y chromosome.3. In most cases, on what occasion can a person avoid suffering from genetic?A. only if he inherits from his parents two copies of the same recessive gone.B. If he has at least one normal gene.C. Only when he has two normal genes.D. When he has two potentially harmful recessive genes.

Companies such as New Zealand's a2 Milk have introduced new milk powder products, followed by similar product introduced exclusively for ______ citizens by Chinese companies. 总部位于新西兰的a2牛奶公司近期推出了新奶粉产品，中国乳企也推出了针对中老年群体的类似产品。 A. rudeB. slenderC. royalD. senior

Coping with Climate Change What we have learned so far about climate changes is affecting our global environment. Studies show that it adversely affects human and natural systems by reducing biodiversity, impairing biological and chemical circles and making it more difficult to restore degraded ecosystems. Climate is not the only factor in the deterioration of natural systems. We are making big changes to the landscape, altering land use and land cover in major ways. These changes combined present a challenge to environmental management. Adaptive management is a scientific approach to managing the adverse impacts of climate and landscape change.Nature and Impacts of Climate Change Every week it seems there is an article about global warming in the news media. It may be difficult for some to grasp the big picture of the issue, but in general, climate change has already or is expected to ・ increase temperatures, particularly in the interior of continents, toward the poles and in winter; ・ boost precipitation(降水量) in wetter areas and suppress precipitation in drier areas; ・ increase rain and decrease snow; ・ lessen peak spring runoff and cause more even year-round flow of water, thereby reducing water availability during summer irrigation and navigation seasons; ・ increase evaporation of water during the summer; ・ enhance the likelihood of lower mean lake levels, drier wetlands, and water shortages, particularly in mountain regions; ・ raise the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods; ・ raise global sea levels, causing some populated coastal areas to become inundated(被淹没的) ; ・ reduce the extent and duration of Arctic sea ice with adverse consequences for marine mammals; ・ increase the losses of glaciers in middle and equatorial latitudes, including premier mountain ecosystems such as Glacier National Park in Montana. Global average temperature had increased by about 0.6℃ over the past 100 years, with a major warming upswing in the 1970s. Warming is the result, in part, of rapid increases in emissions of greenhouse gases(GHG), particularly carbon dioxide(CO2), which is a byproduct of the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, used for power generation and transportation. When global temperatures rise and precipitation patterns change, it is expected there will be consequences on ecosystems, such as an increase in the spread of exotic species, redistributing of plants, animals, energy, water and nutrients; alteration of natural processes and the structure and function of ecosystems. Northerly latitudes are particularly vulnerable to climate change. The Arctic Council, an intergovernmental forum for Arctic nations and indigenous people, reported that the northern ice cap is warming at twice the global rate and the Arctic region is expected to warm a two or three times the rate for rest of the world. Arctic warming will have serious consequences on human and ecology.Nature and Impacts of Landscape Change Landscape change results from natural disturbances and human activities. Natural disturbances include fire, windstorms, avalanches, landslides, tree fall, floods, and insect epidemics. Human activities causing landscape change include conversion of forestland to agriculture, drainage of wetlands, and forest fragmentation form road construction and timber harvesting. Human activities often have a more significant effect on landscapes than natural disturbances because they alter the availability of energy, water, and nutrients to ecosystems; increase the spread of exotic species; accelerate natural processes of ecosystem change; and adversely affect the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Human-induced landscape change has accelerated during the past several decades because of rapid population and economic growth, particularly in countries such as China, India, and Brazil. Landscape change had contributed to a dramatic 1.000-fold increase in species .extinctions over the past 400 years. On a global basis, nearly 1.2 million km2 of forest and woodland and 5.6 million km2 of grassland and pastureland have been converted to other uses. During the last three centuries, 12 million km2 of cropland were lost. Between 1982 and 1997, 121000 km2 of non-federal land were urbanized in the United States. More than 90 percent of the land in the lower 48 states has been logged, plowed, mined, grazed, paved, or otherwise modified from previous conditions. Human-induced landscape change significantly affects wildlife. For example, between 1970 and 2000, rural residential development in the Montana and Wyoming portions of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem increased 400 percent. Consequently, current and potential grizzly bear habitat on private lands in the ecosystem has been degraded and fragmented. Double-digit growth in residential subdivisions adjacent to the National Elk Refuge in Jackson, Wyoming, has diminished winter range for the 10000 elk that use the refuge and displaced corridors that elk use to reach summer range in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Another example of significant impacts from landscape change is the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem. This ecosystem covers the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, and western Montana, United States. Here are some specifics: ・ Most old-growth forests that once existed outside of protected parks and wilderness areas have been harvested. ・ Many rivers in the region have been altered by hydroelectric power development. ・ Significant farm, ranch, and forest acreage has been converted to homes and commercial developments. ・ Lakes and streams have been polluted by agricultural and urban runoff. ・ Fish and wildlife habitats have been degraded. ・ Active and proposed energy developments threaten protected areas. ・ Large areas have been invaded by normative species. The desire to preserve the outstanding wildlife( especially large carnivores) and environmental amenities(舒适 ) from the negative effects of rapid economic growth and development in the northern Rocky Mountain region prompted creation of the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative. The initiative involves 300 conservation organizations and covers an area larger than the states of California and Texas combined, including the Greater Yellowstone and Crown of the Continent Ecosystem.Coping with Climate and Landscape Change Although climate and landscape change has positive effects on human and natural system, it is expected to have many adverse impacts that deserve attention. Ecosystems have an inherent capacity to resist climate and landscape change, known as ecological resilience(复原能). When this capacity is exceeded, the ecosystem can change in ways that may not be socially and ecologically acceptable. So what can be done Mitigation strategies can reduce ecosystem vulnerability. Mitigation strategies are actions to prevent, reduce, or slow climate and/or landscape change. The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which took effect in February 2005, is a prime example of a climate change mitigation strategy. The protocol commits 36 industrialized countries to curb GHG emissions, especially CO2. Limiting increases in global temperature by 2℃ would require keeping atmospheric concentrations of CO2 below 400 parts per million(ppm). Current concentrations are about 375 ppm. Benefits from the Kyoto Protocol may be limited because it does not include some developed countries, which emit substantial GHGs, and developing countries where rapid population and economic growth is expected to dramatically increase GHG emissions. Other mitigation: strategies include increasing the use of alternative energy sources and technologies (clean coal, renewable energy, ethanol, hybrid vehicles, and nuclear power). Although the United States did not sign the Kyoto Protocol, 28 states have programs to curb CO2 emissions, and at least 166 U. S. cities have agreed to apply the Kyoto emission reduction standards to their communities. Other initiatives, like the Apollo Alliance, bring together labor unions, environmental and business groups, and activist: organizations with the mission of sharply reducing U. S. dependence on fossil fuels. The alliance is seeking ways to do the following: ・ power the economy with hydrogen produced from renewable energy resources; ・ implement green construction codes; ・ revitalize urban centers to reduce urban sprawl; ・ determine how industry can store rather than emit carbon into the atmosphere. The Apollo Alliance expects to invest 300 billion in new energy technologies and energy conservation over 10 years as a way to eliminate U. S. dependence on foreign oil and create millions of good-paying jobs. There funds would be raised using tax incentives, public bonds, capital strategies, and other mechanisms.What is the influence of human activities on landscapes A. They provide more energy, water and nutrients to ecosystems.B. They maintain the balance of ecosystems.C. They affect the structure and functioning of ecosystems in a negative way.D. They curb the spread of exotic species.

4.朋友问你打算什么时候去看望奶奶,你应-|||-回答: ()-|||-A.This Sunday. B.Yesterday.

How about trying something unusual？A试一试与众不同的工作怎么样B试一试工作的不同寻常C关于与众不同的工作怎么样

Winchester Poetry Prize This contest from the Winchester Poetry Festival is intended for “surprise and delight”. However, don't try to surprise and delight them with a short story or a photo of your cat dancing in a Tutu. Stick to a poem of up to 40 lines. Closing: Quarterly. Prizes:￡1,000,￡500,￡250. Entry Fee:￡5. Sterts Theatre One-Act Play Competition This annual contest from Sterts Theatre in Cornwall is for plays for up to four adult actors, with a running time of between 25 and 35 minutes. Plays can he on any theme; You need to be 18 or over to enter. Closing: Annually. Prizes:￡100 plus performance of your play in Sterts Studio. Entry Fee:￡7. Artificium Short Stories Poetry Prizes This one from Artificium, a journal of new fiction and poetry, has two categories: Short Stories and In Brief. The former is for stories of between 2,000 and 8,000 words in any genre(体裁). The latter is for poetry of between 500 and 1,000 words. Closing: End of each month. Pizcs:￡200,￡100,￡50. Entry Fee:￡5 for one,￡9 for two. PENfro Open Poetry Competition This contest from the PENfro Book Festival is for poems of up to 40 lines on any subject and in any style. Costa Award winning poet Jonathan Edwards, whose taste in poetry is broad-ranging, will be judging. Closing: End of each month. Prizes:￡300,￡100,￡75. The top ten winners will be invited to read their works at a spoken word event at which Jonathan Edwards will present the prizes. Entry Fee:￡4.【小题】(1) Which contest has a discounted entry fee for two?A.Winchester Poetry PrizeB.PENfro Open Poetry CompetitionC.Artificium Short Stories Poetry Prizes.D.Sterts Theatre One-Act Play Competition.【小题】(2) The competition held in Sterts Theatre in Cornwall only receives ________．A.poems of up to 40 linesB.plays for up to four adult actorsC.short stories with a surprising endingD.poetry of between 500 and 1,000 words【小题】(3) What do we know about PENfro Open Poetry Competition?A.It takes place twice a year.B.Jonathan Edwards is the sponsorC.A spoken word event will be held.D.The entry fee will be returned to winners.【小题】(4) What do Winchester Poetry Prize and PENfro Open Poetry Competition have in common?A.The prizes are the same.B.They are both held monthly.C.Jonathan Edwards will be the judge.D.Their requirements of poem lines are the same. These men are waiting for food from a local charity in Nigeria. It may be their only meal today. Disabled, most rely on street begging to support them. Unlike the others queuing here, 18-year-old Aliyu Yakubu is learning to fix tricycles(三轮车)and do other metal work to earn a living. Yakubu remembers the moment he decided to quit begging. “My former class monitor saw me begging in the street and didn't recognize me. He gave me some money,” he said, “When I stretched my hand out to collect it, then he saw my face. I felt ashamed, and, since then, I decided not to beg again.” Instructor Isiaka Maaji, himself physically disabled, helps people like Yakuhu get off the streets and learn a trade. He got his own skills from a state-run vocational rehabilitation(恢复)training program and has been training others since 2002. Five years ago, he began encouraging physically challenged people to abandon begging. “We encourage people like us to learn skills they can do to become self-reliant to support themselves and their families, because being in the streets as beggars is a shame to all of us,” Maaji said． So far he has helped and trained 30 people, some of whom now have their own metal workshop. They make tricycles and motorbikes designed for the handicapped as well as doors and windows to sell. But a member of the Handicapped Association, shop owner Ridwan Abdillahi, says the general public is not buying despite the good quality of the products. “I believe the society are seeing the goods or products made by persons with disability．” he said. These men—being used to overcoming challenges—say this is one more barrier the disabled face. They say they will deal with it by raising awareness, with the help of the government and the community.【小题】(5) What has made Aliyu Yakubu decide to quit begging?A.Maaji's training.B.The sense of shame.C.Difficulty in begging.D.The monitor's offering.【小题】(6) What do we know about Isiaka Maaji?A.He was also a beggar long before.B.He was Yakubu's teacher at school.C.He teaches the disabled skills.D.He trains 30 people to run metal workshop.【小题】(7) What does the text mainly talk about?A.liyu Yakubu's great change in life.B.Nigeria's living conditions to be improved.C.Difficulties for the disabled to make a living.D.Turning the disabled from beggars to workers. The charming personalities Some people, regardless of what they lack—money, looks, or social connections—always show with energy and confidence. Even the most doubting individuals find themselves attracted with these charming personalities. These people are the ones you turn to for help, advice, and companionship. You just can't get enough of them, and they leave you asking yourself, “What do they have that I don't? What makes them so attractive?” The difference? Their sense of self-worth comes from within. Attractive people aren't constantly searching for value, because they're confident enough to find it in themselves. There are certain habits they pursue every day to keep this healthy view. Since being attractive isn't the result ofdumb luck, it's time to study the habits of attractive people so that you can use them to your benefit. Get ready to say “hello” to a new, more attractive you. They treat everyone with respect. Whether interacting with their biggest shoppers or a server taking their drink order, attractive people are unfailingly polite and respectful. They treat everyone with respect because they believe they're no better than anyone else. They follow the golden rule. One person loves public recognition, while another hates being the center of attention. The Golden Rule is to treat others as they want to be treated. Attractive people are great at reading other people, and they adjust their behaviors and styles to make others feel comfortable. Bringing it all together. Attractive people have simply perfected certain appealing qualities and habits that anyone can adopt as their own. They think about other people more than they think about themselves, and they make other people feel liked, respected, understood, and seen. Just remember: the more you focus on others, the more attractive you'll be.【小题】(8) Why are you different from the people with charming personalities?A.Because they are full of confidenceB.ecause they maintain their healthy view.C.Because they lack money, looks, or social connections.D.Because they get along well with doubting individuals.【小题】(9) What's the meaning of the underlined words?A.Bad luck.B.Good luck.C.Lack of intelligence.D.Lack the power of speech.【小题】(10) When having dinner with his leader, an attractive person will probably ________.A.treat his leader properly and help the waitress when necessaryB.just focus on his leader without looking at the waitress when orderingC.praise both his leader and the waitress too much during the dinner timeD.make his leader the center of attention when the leader prefers to stay alone