The world"s governments have done ________. nothing to combat the threat of nuclear accidents.A. inherentlyB. vitallyC. virtuallyD. identically

We have saved as a final set of emotions the two most important emotions pertaining to other people: love and its opposite, hate. Love can be seen everywhere. Yet surprisingly, love has been the subject of less scientific research than other emotions, such as anger and fear. The reason for this may be twofold. First, love is a very complex emotion, difficult to describe and measure. Secondly, unlike many extreme emotions, extreme love is generally not a problem; thus less medical attention has been paid to it. What is love? This is a complex question and requires a complex answer. Love is an enduring, strong, positive attraction and feeling for another person or thing. But it is more than this. It also involves feelings of caring, protection, excitement, and tenderness. When two people are in love, they feel drawn to one another; they greatly enjoy each other's company; and they may be sexually attracted to one another. Sometimes it is easier to think in term of different kinds of love: “puppy” love, romantic love, brotherly love, and so forth. Though they differ in some respects, they share one important characteristic: a strong positive feeling toward another. Our feeling toward other people are often complex. We may love someone and, at the same time, be angry with him. Or we may love someone, even though we are jealous of him. We might even love someone and, at the same time, hate him for some specific reason. Hate is a strong negative emotion toward someone, and is due to anger, jealousy, or some other factor. Like love, hate can be a very strong emotion. It can also be very dangerous. The question is often asked, “Is it bad to hate?” The best answer is probably “sometimes yes and sometimes no.” Usually hate does not help us; it makes us feel unhappy and makes us do things that may hurt others. However, sometimes it may be necessary to hate and hurt someone in order to protect loved ones. 1. In the parts previous to the passage you've just read, the author has probably been discussing A. the two most important human emotions—love and hate B. some emotions that are only produced by animals C. some other sots of human emotions than of love and hate D. none of the above 2. According to the passage, the emotion of love has been medically paid less attention to because——. A. it is too common to be talked about B. compared with other kinds of emotions, love is not so important C. the study of love needs great effort and advanced scientific research D. love is harmless and too complex for description 3. When two people are in love, they A. will never be angry with or hate each other B. are strongly attracted to each other C. will not be jealous of each other D. tend to do all of the above 4. Which of the following might best be used as the tide for the passage? A. Two Most Important Emotions towards Others B. Love More and Hate Less C. The Great Benefits of Love and the Serious Harm of Hate D. Some Advice to Those Who Are In love

Negotiating Skills Can Be Learned Managers negotiate continuously, with superiors, subordinates, peers and clients. Researchers and practitioners have observed that former organizational structures and behaviors are now giving way to new organizational models in which authority, commands and control along with fixed roles play a lesser, or at least a less definite, role. The crucial role of negotiation, meanwhile, is gaining prominence. Globalization, market deregulation, and technological changes, along with increasing interdependence and market complexity, have contributed to increasing the instances when conscious negotiation is preferable to other forms of interaction. Coupled with the increase in the use of negotiation have been advances in the theory of negotiation and the fast growth in the number of publications on the subject. Gilles Gauthier, full professor at the Institut d’economie appliquee (IEA) at the Hautes etudes commereiales (HEC), teaches the course "Managers and Negotiation" for students and professionals. No such course existed when he was doing his studies in the 1960s. Gauthier is self-taught in the field and has become a specialist. He believes negotiation is an important component and integral part of management. He found that the only courses offered on the topic involved collective agreement negotiations. "Not all managers are involved in negotiating such agreements. What most managers do is much broader in scope," adds Gauthier. He decided to take a year’s leave to read up on the topic and investigate what was happening elsewhere. Gauthier found out that few universities offered training in negotiating. Training in the field was initially designed for lawyers and tended to promote an adversarial style of engagement. Some schools offered management or conflict resolution courses. For Gauthier, negotiation doesn’t necessarily involve a conflict, just a disagreement. His research motivated him to design the course mentioned above, which has been part of the MBA program at the HEC for two years now. It is also offered in the HEC’s continuing education program for professionals who want to learn more about these concepts.Strategic limits For Gauthier, negotiation is a process whereby at least two parties have to reach an agreement. It’s a way of making a decision where each party has a fight of veto. He adds that there are all kinds of negotiations, not just contracts. There are negotiations with other administrative units, even family negotiations. The definition of negotiation varies, but Francois Delivre’s definition seems fairly comprehensive: Negotiation is a process for managing disagreements with a view to achieving contractual satisfaction of needs. Negotiation is a process, that is, a method that consists of a number of steps, a method for managing disagreements, because the two parties could not initially agree to satisfy their needs to their mutual satisfaction. It is therefore a desire to achieve contractual satisfaction, because the goal is to establish an agreement specifying the nature of the exchange. All authors agree that negotiation is a process. Gauthier says that some people always negotiate in exactly the same way, whether they’re at the office or at home, even if the context is different. He says that’s a big mistake. Understanding the context and good preparation are vital to the success of any negotiation. Gauthier explains that there is more than one way of negotiating. He’s currently writing a book outlining 1,200 negotiating tactics, which are not necessarily appropriate for all situations or strategies. Tactics differ from strategies. The latter refers to the type of approach one takes to a negotiation― generally these fall into two main camps, either a collaborative or a competitive approach. Tactics help achieve a specific strategy.Negotiating models Gauthier advises negotiators to have a strategy from the outset, whether competitive (winner ― loser), cooperative (win-win), compromise (win a little-win a little), inaction (so as not to lose today), accommodation (lose now to win later) or withdrawal (negotiate elsewhere where you can Win). Many negotiators have used and continue to use a competitive approach, even a confrontational approach, in their negotiations. Any success in such cases is more often than not short-lived. Manipulative behavior and power tripping generally lead to failure. Competition leads to power straggles (蔓延) in negotiation. So the parties to the negotiation can easily get involved in power tripping. A person initiates a power trip when he or she has every intention of exercising his or her authority or desire to dominate by forcing the other party to take a complementary position. There is no choice but victory or defeat. This approach taken by one or both of the negotiators obviously confines the possible outcome significantly. Whenever one of the parties uses a disrespectful tone of voice, presents ultimatums or refuses to participate for fear of losing face, the situation is confrontational and positions are strongly established. The negotiation is blocked and destined to fail, even if one of the parties seems to have won. It’s a one-side victory, short term, which will result in a boomerang (自食其果) effect. The party that lost will be looking to revenge. In a number of cooperative negotiating Styles such as win-win or compromise negotiation, the focus is on mutual respect and reasoned deliberation. Once the strategy is clear, the next step is to choose the appropriate tactics. Good preparation means determining precise objectives from the start, understanding the other party (past negotiating style, type of negotiator, etc) and using professionals to obtain the maximum amount of useful data about the position of the other party.Soft skills The most effective negotiators are those who succeed in reaching an agreement that allows each party to achieve their original objectives. If the objectives of the two parties are completely contradictory and have no chance of being tempered to reach a sound agreement, negotiators should be prepared to walk away. A winner will know from the start what he or she will do if the negotiations fail. A loser will not have thought this through. Some people can adapt to all kinds of situations. They make excellent negotiators. Others have a less flexible personality, which is a problem because their personality limits their response. "Negotiators have to be able to lead the process," says Gauthier. All parties involved in negotiations have to be skilled at leading such a process. Research in negotiation carried out in the past 15 years at Harvard University has shown that "the most successful negotiators are those who define success not as beating their adversaries but as doing the best they can for themselves." The compromise that results from cooperation will not lead to the greatest possible gain; it requires a shared sacrifice. Negotiation is all about interpersonal communication. The rapport (融洽和谐的关系) in interpersonal communication should favor responsibility and cooperation, thereby establishing an environment in which the parties feel like they are interdependent and part of a partnership. The ability to do this is a skill that has to be learned. Learning requires an open, inquisitive attitude. Rigid positions, confrontations, ineffective principles, and confrontational or manipulative strategies have to be avoided. The goal is to establish a sense of solidarity, and create bridges that will lead to satisfactory solutions for both parties. Constructive dialogue means showing the other party what part of their argument is compatible with the problem to be resolved. Understanding the other person’s position doesn’t mean agreeing with their position,. but rather respecting it, and remaining flexible in exploring options. Recognizing that negotiation can be learned is a relatively new concept. Those who believe they are good negotiators may well be in for a surprise, because many managers are studying negotiating tactics and are not afraid to put them to the test. Understanding how to prepare yourself for negotiations will help you succeed without creating an adversarial relationship with the other party―an essential skill in ongoing business relationships.According to Francois Delivre’s definition of negotiation, ______. A. it’s a way of making a decision where each party has a fight of vetoB. it’s a method to make two parties reach an agreement in the beginningC. it’s a process during which a contract must be signed by two partiesD. it’s a desire of both parties to achieve contractual satisfaction

The fact is, the world has been finding less oil than it has been using for more than twenty years now. Not only has demand been 1 , but the oil we have been finding is coming from places that are 2 to reach. At the same time, more of this newly 3 oil is of the type that requires a greater investment to 4 . And because demand for this precious resource will grow, according to some, by over 40 percent by 2025, fueling the world's economic 5 will take a lot more energy from every possible source.The energy industry needs to get more from existing fields while continuing to search for new 6 . Automakers must continue to improve fuel efficiency and perfect hybrid （混合动力的） vehicles. Technological improvements are needed so that wind, solar and hydrogen can be more 7 parts of the energy equation. Governments need to formulate energy policies that promote 8 and environmentally sound development. Consumers must be willing to pay for some of these solutions, while practicing conservation efforts of their own.Inaction is not an 9 . So let's work together to balance this equation. We are taking some of the 10 needed to get started, but we need your help to go the rest of the way.A.consequently B.cultivate C.declining D.derivedE.difficult F.discovered G.economically H.exceptionI.feasible J.growth K.optionL.refineM.reserves N.soaring O.steps

The magician made us think he cut the girl into pieces, but it was merely an ______.A. illusionB. impressionC. imageD. illumination

A spacecraft destined to become the fastest manmade object in history is set for launch on Friday on a mission that will end in a high-speed crash into the largest planet in the solar system. Nasa’s 1bn Juno space probe is bound for Jupiter on a mission to peer through the clouds of the Jovian atmosphere and deep into the planet’s interior.Before Juno arrives at its destination, rocket motors will fire up and set the satellite spinning like a three-bladed propeller so that each of its scientific instruments can get a regular and clear view of the planet.The five-year journey will bring Juno in over the north pole of Jupiter to begin the first of 33 orbits at speeds of up to 160,000kph. To minimize damage from Jupiter’s intense radiation fields, the spacecraft will follow a highly elliptical (椭圆的) orbit that goes far out into space before returning low over the north and south poles.The spinning satellite will photograph Jupiter’s spectacular aurora (极光) and map its intense magnetic and gravitational fields for a year in a bid to understand the planet’s formation and the inner workings that make it one of the most extraordinary bodies in the solar system.“Juno will help us understand how the solar system formed, and how all the planets formed.” said Jack Connerney, deputy principal investigator on the Juno mission at Nasa’s Goddard Space Flight Centre in Maryland. “After the formation of the sun, the vast majority of mass left over in the solar system resides in Jupiter. The planet is so massive that none of the material that was originally there could escape its gravity, so Jupiter is effectively a sample of the primitive solar nebula (太阳星云) that all the planets formed from.”A major question Juno will seek to answer is the nature of the dynamo that generates Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field, which is 20,000 times stronger than that of the Earth. On our home planet, the magnetic field is produced by a spinning core of molten iron.1. What will the spacecraft Juno end in?A) Going deep into Jupiter’s interior.B) Rotating in orbit around Jupiter.C) A steady landing on Jupiter.D) A high-speed crash into Jupiter. 2. What is the purpose of Juno following a highly elliptical orbit?A) To avoid damage by the radiation fields. B) To return low over the south poles.C) To get a clearer view of the planet.D) To stay away from the north poles.3. What will Juno do to help us understand how Jupiter formed?A) Photograph spectacular stars surrounding the planet.B) Peer through the vast majority of mass left over there.C) Map the magnetic and gravitational fields of the planet. D) Measure the distance between Jupiter and its satellite.4. What do we know about Jupiter according to Jack Connerney?A) It is made from a large amount of mass.B) It is very massive with high gravity. C) It is actually a sample of other primitive planets.D) It has a dynamo generating powerful magnetic fields.5. What is the main idea of the passage?A) Juno spacecraft arrived at Jupiter after a five-year journey.B) Juno space probe will draw maps of Jupiter.C) Juno space probe prepares for its mission to Jupiter. D) New frontiers of the solar system will be explored in the future.

Aging happens to all of us ,and is generally thought of as a natural part of life. It would seem silly to call such a thing a "disease".On the other hand,scientists are increasingly learning that aging and biological age are two different things,and that the former is a key risk factor for conditions such as heart disease,cancer and many more. In that light,aging itself might be seen as something treatable, the way you would treat high blood pressure or a vitamin deficiency.Biophysicist Alex Zhavoronkov believes that aging should be considered a disease. He said that describing aging as a disease creates incentives to develop treatments."It unties the hands of the pharmaceutical(制药的)industry so that they can begin treating the disease and not just the side effects, "he said."Right now, people think of aging as natural and something you can't control "he said. "in academic circles, people take aging research as just an interest area where they can try to develop interventions. The medical community also takes aging for granted, and can do nothing about it except keep people within a certain health range."But if aging were recognized as a disease, he said, "it would attract funding and change the way we do health care. What matters is understanding that aging is curable. ""It was always known that the body accumulates damage," he added. "The only way to cure aging is to find ways to repair that damage. I think of it as preventive medicine for age—related conditions."Leonard Hayflick, a professor at the university of CalifoNia, San Francisco, said the idea that aging can be cured implies the human lifespan can be increased, which some researchers suggest is possible. Hayflick is not among them." There 're many people who recover from cancer, stroke or heart disease. But they continue to age, because aging is separate from their disease, " Hayflick said."Even if those causes of death were eliminated, life expectancy would still not go much beyond 92 years."What do people generally believe about aging?A.It should cause no alarm whatsoever.B.They just cannot do anything about it.C.It should be regarded as a kind of disease.D.They can delay it with advances in scienceHow do many scientists view aging now?A.It might be prevented and treated.B.It results from a vitamin deficiency.C.It can be as risky as heart disease.D.It is an irreversible biological process.What does Alex Zhavoronkov think of "describing aging as a disease" ?A.It will prompt people to take aging more seriously.B.It will greatly help reduce the side effects of aging.C.It will free pharmacists from the conventional beliefs about aging.D.It will motivate doctors and pharmacists to find ways to treat aging.What do we learn about the medical community?A.They now have a strong interest in research or aging.B.They differ from the academic circles in their view on aging.C.They can contribute to people's health only to a limited extent.D.They have ways to intervene in people's aging process.What does Professor Leonard Hayflick believe?A.The human lifespan cannot be prolonged.B.Aging is hardly separable from disease.C.Few people live up to the age of 92.D.Heart disease is the major cause of aging.

阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节 （共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所 给的四个选项（A、B、C、和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AThe sound of the rain hitting the windows wakes me up and it sounds just exactly as it did 15 years ago, which reminded me of my girlhood.It was my second day of school and it was raining heavily. I could not resist the habit I had at home, so I fell asleep right at my desk. I woke up to find myself not in the classroom but carried on Dad’s back. We were halfway home. It was the last time I felt close to him. After that, he never carried me or hugged me as other fathers did to their children. I was not bothered much by this thought. I was proud of it, for I felt independent and “grown up.” However, there were times when I felt depressed by not having sought comfort from him.One day, I was writing Chinese characters as homework. I hated doing this more than anything. Dad came and stood behind me for a moment, watching me scratching the paper. Then he said, “This kind of writing needs patience. Your writing is not strong enough. Press harder.”I follow his advice for the next two words, but as I could see little improvement, I followed my own method----the fast way. His advice did not improve my writing but our relationship. As I grew older, I found out that he had finished his schooling in Grade 6, which was the highest grade in the town then, so he was considered to be a scholar. People used to ask him to write something to put on the walls, but he never felt very useful.He often said to me, “As you can see, this family is going to count on you. We are useless to improve you anything for your future.You have to get an education to change the life for yourself.” As a result of his expectation, I have made it through high school and through college.21. How did the author first react to father’s suggestion? A. She found it hard to accept. B. She was confused about it. C. She accepted it. D. She doubted it.22. Why did the author feel depressed sometimes? A. She found her father never carried her. B. Her father never hugged her as other fathers did to their children. C. She was bothered much by the thought that her father never cared her. D. She never sought comfort from her father.23. We can infer from the passage that the author’s father______. A. is helpful to improving the author for her future. B. attaches great importance to education. C. pushes the author tightly. D. received little education.24. What was the author’s purpose in writing this passage? A. to introduce her father. B. to demonstrate people her attitude toward life. C. to encourage people to follow their fathers’ suggestions. D. to show what matters to her personal development.BHave you ever intended to be fully absorbed in your work but found yourself distracted (走神) by e-mail, the Internet and other things throughout the day? According to the survey made by a famous university in the USA, most people have the experience.“People often lose their concentration when they are bored, of course, but also when they are engaged in challenging tasks,” says Peter Bregman, the head of the survey. “They sometimes have a feeling to escape from what’s difficult or boring, so they jump out,” he says. The part of the brain devoted to attention is connected to the brain’s emotional center. Any strong emotion —quarrels with colleagues, problems at home —can interrupt our attention. Studies over the last decade have shown that too much work to do at a time can easily lead to distraction.Refocusing is hard for many people. Robert Epstein suggests the following, “Stop and listen to some soft music for a few minutes. Find a good friend or a teacher and say out your matter on your mind. Go for a short walk or take a deep breath, where you breathe in deeply, count to five slowly, hold it and breathe out very slowly. This can blow out all the tension and the unwanted in your mind to restore your focus.”Take more control by structuring your time and becoming more aware of your behaviors.“Setting the phone alarm to go off every hour is my way of creating awareness,”Mr. Bregman says.“You have to inform yourself that you’ve lost focus in order to do something about it.” Starting the day with a to-do list is also important, such as when to eat, when to go to the gym or take a walk. But if it’s overly ambitious, you will pu t yourself in a state of anxiety, which makes it hard for the brain to concentrate. “Choosing three or four things as your priority (优先) for the day allows your brain to settle down and focus,” he says.25. According to the passage, which is NOT the reason why some people can be distracted from their work? A. They don’t want to be devoted to their work. B. They are disturbed by the Internet and other things. C. They can’t find interest in their work. D. They feel their work is too hard for them.26. Which incident might not interrupt your attention? A. You were scolded by your teacher. B . You had words with your good friend. C. Yo u went to school at six as usual. D. Your mother and father had a quarrel.27. According to Robert Epstein, how can we refocus on what we should do? A. Listen to rock music for some time. B. Turn to your good friends or teachers for help. C. Run around the playground for some time. D. Take a breath from time to time.28. What’s the meaning of the underlined word “restore”in the passage? A. recover B. reform C. release D. reactCDoes stress cause gray hair? Many people believe that tension and stress can cause your hair to lose its color．In fact，it is an old wives tale that being upset all the time can result in premature graying．Here is a closer look at this situation and why some believe that this old wives tale could be true．As one ages，the hairs on the head also age．In fact，just about everything on the human body begins to show signs of wear and tear after a while．The joints wear and become stiff and skin wears and becomes wrinkled．Hairs on the head grow and eventually die．They are replaced，but in the process something else happens．When new hairs are replaced，the color or pigment(色素)is also added to them．However，as one ages，this pigment becomes less and less available．At first，hairs will have a limited amount of pigment and they will appear to be grayish in color．In time，they will lose all of their pigment and will be white．Many things are known to cause graying．and genetics is a very powerful factor．If one of your parents turns gray at an early age，there is a good chance that you will too．Some people begin the graying process in high school，while others may be over the age of forty．Constant worry and tension can have many harmful effects on the human body．It is a known fact that stressful times can cause one to suffer hair loss．It would make sense that if it can cause these problems，perhaps it also may contribute to graying．However，there is no sound evidence to support this．On the other hand，many medical professionals believe that there may be a link：between graying and a constant state of anxiety or tension．Does stress cause gray hair? There is no scientific evidence to support the theory，but it is best to avoid stressful situations．29．The underlined phrase in the first paragraph most probably means _____________ .A．clever remarks B．silly remarksC．exciting remarks D．disappointed remarks30．The second paragraph mainly tells us_____________ .A．every part of body is replaced with age B．hairs will grow weak but not dieC．skin becomes wrinkled with age D．every part of body ages with age31．From the passage we can infer that _____________ .A．stress causing gray hair is still in questionB．gray hair has nothing to do with tension．C．stressful situations can be of benefit．D．sound evidence has been found．32．What might play the most important role in the graying process?A．Genetics and the amount of sleeping timeB．The amount of food people eat and living environmentC．The amount of pigment and geneticsD．Genetics and the amount of water people drinkDOur warming planet is expected to face serious water crisis（危机）in the coming decades — which means each nation’s natural resource will be more important than ever. REST OF TOP 5-|||-2.Micronesi a 91.66.-|||-123.CHINA-|||-22.47 33. Which country or region has the most freshwater resource per year?A. Guyana B. Brazil C. Iceland D. China34. According to the statistics, what is the world average of freshwater resource per person?A. 244,973 cubic kilometers B. 241 cubic kilometers C. 3,642 cubic kilometers D. 6,122 cubic kilometers 35. Which country or region appears twice on the top 5 lists?A. Bhutan B. Seychelles C. Canada D. Suriname第二节 （共5小题 ，每小题2分，满分10分） 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。In the past few years, many people found themselves trying really hard to hold on to jobs that they may not have wanted. 36 . Jobs data is improving, and the labor market seems to be picking up. Here are four signs that it might be time for you to move on.1. You really hate the idea of going to work.We all have days that we don’t want to go in to work. We may even dislike what we do for work. But do you really hate the idea of going in? 37 .2. You are concerned about the values of your boss and coworkers. 38 . However, if you find yourself questioning the values and ideals of those around you at work, it could be an indication that you are out of place. If you feel that you are not in line with your organization, it might be the time to move on.3. You wish you had more challenging tasks.For some people, easy work is preferred. 39 . However, you might wish for more challenging tasks. If you want to progress as a person, a job that doesn’t provide you with an abundant challenge can be disheartening. Now that the economy is a little more stable, you can look around for a job that offers more satisfaction.4. 40 .If you feel left out of the culture at work, it might be a strong indication that you belong somewhere else. You want to be in a work environment that you feel a part of. If you have been with an organization for more than a few months, and you still feel somewhat awkward, it might be a sign that you need to find an organization where you integrate(融入) into the culture a little bit better. A. You feel like an outsider.B. It’s a matter of working day in and day out.C. Many of us have our own values and ideals.D. However, now might be the time to find a new job.E. The cultural aspects of your job are just as important as the technical aspects.F. If this is the case, it might be the time to find a new job, or even start a business.G. Now that the economy is tough, many of us are unwilling to rock the boat at work.

He was so happy that the new job was not a routine and -------- one, but gave him lots of room for creativity and growth.A. luminousB. monotonousC. prosperousD. generous

We are very excited to have him lead the team to build on the ________ of the last six months and help take the firm to the next level.A. monumentB. memorandumC. merchandiseD. momentum