The two economists call their paper “Mental Retirement,” and their argument has aroused the interest of behavioral researchers. Data from the United States, England and 11 other European countries suggest that the earlier people retire, the more quickly their memories decline. The implication, the economists and others say, is that there really seems to be something to the “use it or lose it” notion—if people want to preserve their memories and reasoning abilities, they may have to keep active. “It’s incredibly interesting and exciting,” said Laura L. Carstensen, director of the Center on Longevity at Stanford University. “It suggests that work actually provides an important component of the environment that keeps people functioning optimally (最佳地).” While not everyone is convinced by the new analysis, published recently in The Journal of Economic Perspectives , a number of leading researchers say the study is, at least, a bit of evidence for a hypothesis that is widely believed but surprisingly difficult to demonstrate. Researchers repeatedly find that retired people as a group tend to do less well on cognitive (认知的) tests than people who are still working. But, they note, that could be because people whose memories and thinking skills are declining may be more likely to retire than people whose cognitive skills remain sharp. And research has failed to support the premise that mastering things like memory exercises, crossword puzzles (纵横字谜) and games like Sudoku carry over into real life, improving overall functioning. “If you do crossword puzzles, you get better at crossword puzzles,” said Lisa Berkman, director of the Center for Population and Development Studies at Harvard. “If you do Sudoku, you get better at Sudoku. You get better at one narrow task. But you don’t get better at cognitive behavior in life.” The study was possible, explains one of its authors, Robert Willis, a professor of economics at the University of Michigan, because the National Institute on Aging began a large study in the United States nearly20 years ago. Called the Health and Retirement Study, it surveys more than 22,000 Americans over age 50 every two years, and administers memory tests. 1 According to the data from America and some European countries, retired people ____ . A have aroused the interest of many psychologists B are more forgetful than they were at work C don’t have a functioning mind any more D can have much better cognitive skills 2 In Laura L. Carstensen’s opinion, what is the relationship between work and mental function? A Work has nothing to do with people’s mental function. B Work has a positive effect on people’s mental function. C People’s mental function decreases gradually after work. D People’s mental function has no influence on people’s work. 3 Lisa Berkman claimed that Sudoku could ____ . A improve man’s overall functioning greatly B make people good at this narrow task C help develop man’s cognitive skills D help people live much longer 4 What can we learn about the Health and Retirement Study? A It has been carried out for about 20 years. B It surveys Americans under the age of 50. C It is led by Robert Willis in the National Institute. D It gets support from the University of Michigan. 5 According to the passage, what does “Mental Retirement” mean? A People are reluctant to retire at an early age. B People have to retire earlier than expected. C People’s mental functions will decline even though they are still working. D People’s memories and reasoning abilities decline if they are not working.

【题目】 综合练习 I.用合适的连接代词或连接副词填空，每空只能填一个词： 1.We haven't discussed yet we are going to place our new furniture. 2.I want to be liked and loved for I am inside 3.-Have you finished the book? -No.Ive read up to the children discover the secret cave. -I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays. -That's I don't agree.You should have a more active life. 5.Part of the reason wihy Charles Dickens loved his own novel,David Copperfield,was it was rather closely modeled on his own life. 6.How much one enjoys himself travelling dapends largely on he goes with,whether his friends cr relatives. She is very dear to us.We have bean prepared to do it takes to save her life. 8.The fact has worried many scientists the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. 9.Could I speak to is in charge of Intemational Sales please? 10.One of the most important questions thay had to consider was_ of public health. 11.The How to Book can be of help to wants to do the job. 12.As a new diplomat,he often thinks of he can react more appropriately on such occasions 13.News came from the school office Wang Lin had been admitted to Peking University. 14.It Is obvious to the students they should get well prepared for their future. 15.-Is there any possibility you could pick me up at the airport? -No problem. 16.We should consider the students'request the school library provide more books on popular scienoe. 17.Many young people in the West are expected to leave could be life's most important cecison--marnace-almost entirely up to luck.. 18.The little girl who got lost decided to remain she was and wait for her mother 19.The companies are working together to create they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. 20.The last time we had great fun was_ we were visiting the Water Park. 21- A wam thought suadenly came to me I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday. -It's thirty years since we last met. -But I still remember the story,balieve it or not, we got lost on a rainy night. 23.See the flags on top of the building?That was we did this moning. 24 -What did ycur parents think about your decision? -They always let me do I think I should. 25 _makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services. 26.Mary wrote an article on the team had failed to win the game 27.Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and it is rough or smooth. 28.Do you have any idea _is actually going cn in the classroom? 29.Danby left words with my secretary he would call again in the afternoon. 30.It makes no difference we'll share the office with 31.I don't know they will do with this old machine. 32.My idea is -we shculd get more pecple to do the work. you can cure a patient or not depends on your skills. 34.It surprised me_ she had married three times. In spite of has recently been done to provide more buses for pecple,a shortage of public vehicles in some areas remains a serious problem. 36.When we cbserve the language behavior of we regard as primitive cultures,we find it surprisingly complicated. 37.Australia has offered to send a small team of police to help investigate the siege, included identifying victims and assisting the farrilies to gat over is now one of the world's biggest tragedies. 38.Word got round quickly throughout the country the national women's volleyball team had won the championship in the Olympic Games. 39.After seemed to be a long time,the singer appeared on the stage,facing the excited audience. 40.Scientists are not sure where the first plant was grown cr even plant it was. 41.It was he showed us at the ccnference shocked all of us. 42 does not strike the hours on a bell should not be called a clock. 43.What he emphasized over and over again was no matter how difficult it might be,they should never retreat even for an inch. 44.We must make sure definite results will be achieved. 45.Evidence has been found through years of study children's early sleeping problem is likely to continue when they grow up. 46. I mace a promise to myself this year,my first year in high school,would be different. 47.The notice came around two in the afternoon the meeting would be postponed. 48.No one has gven clear evidence Snowdon is a Chinese spy. 49.The limits of a person's intelligence,generally speaking,are fixed at birth,but he reaches these limits will depend on his environment. 50. It doesn't matter. you turn right or left at the crossing,both roads lead to the park. 51.The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for he could find about Mark Twain. 52.Scientists study human brains work to make ccmputers. 53.As many as five courses are provided,and you are free to choose suits you best. 54. Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt_ he could have expressed it differently. 55.It suddenly occurred to him he had left his keys in the office. 56.Everyone in the village is very friendly.It doesn't matter you have lived there for a short or a long time. 57.It is by no means clear the president can do to end the strike. 58.It doesn't matter you pay by cash or credit card in this store. 59.We promise attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star. 60.There is clear evidence. the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain. 61.It is still under discussion the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. 62.It is not always easy for the public to see_ _use a new invention can be of to human life. 63.Beiore a problem can te solved,it must be obvious the problem itself is. 64.The shocking news made me realize terrible prcblems we would face. 65.It was never clear. the man hadn't reported the accident sooner. 66.His writing is so confusing that it's difficult to make out it is that he is trying to express 67.Our teachers always tell us to believe in we do and who we are if we want to succeed. 68.Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach to read fast. 69.When the news came the war broke out,he decided to serve in the army. 70.Modern science has given clear evidence smoking can lead to many diseases. 71.I'd like to start my own business-that's_ I'd do if I had the monay. 72.Despite the fact_ they lacked food,the explorers continued towards the goal. 73.Portable videophones will show us is happering at the other end of the line 74.I have no idea _the journalist could have got his information from. 75. comes will be weloomed to the open-air ooncert

Inequality Is Not Inevitable[A] A dangerous trend has developed over this past third of a century. A country that experienced shared growth after World War II began to tear apart, so much so that when the Great Recession hit in late 2007, one could no longer ignore the division that had come to define the American economic landscape. How did this "shining city on a hill" become the advanced country with the greatest level of inequality? [B] Over the past year and a half, The Great Divide, a series in The New York Times, has presented a wide range of examples that undermine the notion that there are any truly fundamental laws of capitalism. The dynamics of the imperial capitalism of the 19th century needn't apply in the democracies of the 21st. We don't need to have this much inequality in America.[C] Our current brand of capitalism is a fake capitalism. For proof of this go back to our response to the Great Recession, where we socialized losses, even as we privatized gains. Perfect competition should drive profits to zero, at least theoretically, but we have monopolies making persistently high profits. C.E.O.s enjoy incomes that are on average 295 times that of the typical worker, a much higher ratio than in the past, without any evidence of a proportionate increase in productivity.[D] If it is not the cruel laws of economics that have led to America's great divide, what is it? The straightforward answer: our policies and our politics. People get tired of hearing about Scandinavian success stories, but the fact of the matter is that Sweden, Finland and Norway have all succeeded in having about as much or faster growth in per capita （人均的） incomes than the United States and with far greater equality.[E] So why has America chosen these inequality-enhancing policies? Part of the answer is that as World War Ⅱ faded into memory, so too did the solidarity it had created. As America triumphed in the Cold War, there didn't seem to be a real competitor to our economic model. Without this international competition, we no longer had to show that our system could deliver for most of our citizens.[F] Ideology and interests combined viciously. Some drew the wrong lesson from the collapse of the Soviet system in 1991. The pendulum swung from much too much government there to much too little here. Corporate interests argued for getting rid of regulations, even when those regulations had done so much to protect and improve our environment, our safety, our health and the economy itself.[G] But this ideology was hypocritical （虚伪的）. The bankers, among the strongest advocates of laissez-faire （自由放任的） economics, were only too willing to accept hundreds of billions of dollars from the government in the aid programs that have been a recurring feature of the global economy since the beginning of the Thatcher-Reagan era of "free" markets and deregulation.[H] The American political system is overrun by money. Economic inequality translates into political inequality, and political inequality yields increasing economic inequality. So corporate welfare increases as we reduce welfare for the poor. Congress maintains subsidies for rich farmers as we cut back on nutritional support for the needy. Drug companies have been given hundreds of billions of dollars as we limit Medicaid benefits. The banks that brought on the global financial crisis got billions while a tiny bit went to the homeowners and victims of the same banks' predatory （掠夺性的） lending practices. This last decision was particularly foolish. There were alternatives to throwing money at the banks and hoping it would circulate through increased lending.[I] Our divisions are deep. Economic and geographic segregation has immunized those at the top from the problems of those down below. Like the kings of ancient times, they have come to perceive their privileged positions essentially as a natural right.[J] Our economy, our democracy and our society have paid for these gross inequalities. The true test of an economy is not how much wealth its princes can accumulate in tax havens （庇护所）, but how well off the typical citizen is. But average incomes are lower than they were a quarter-century ago. Growth has gone to the very, very top, whose share has almost increased four times since 1980. Money that was meant to have trickled （流淌） down has instead evaporated in the agreeable climate of Cayman Islands.[K] With almost a quarter of American children younger than 5 living in poverty, and with America doing so little for its poor, the deprivations of one generation are being visited upon the next. Of course, no country has ever come close to providing complete equality of opportunity. But why is America one of the advanced countries where the life prospects of the young are most sharply determined by the income and education of their parents? [L] Among the most bitter stories in The Great Divide were those that portrayed the frustrations of the young, who long to enter our shrinking middle class. Soaring tuitions and declining incomes have resulted in larger debt burdens. Those with only a high school diploma have seen their incomes decline by 13 percent over the past 35 years.[M] Where justice is concerned, there is also a huge divide. In the eyes of the rest of the world and a significant part of its own population, mass imprisonment has come to define America—a country, it bears repeating, with about 5 percent of the world's population but around a fourth of the world's prisoners.[N] Justice has become a commodity, affordable to only a few. While Wall Street executives used their expensive lawyers to ensure that their ranks were not held accountable for the misdeeds that the crisis in 2008 so graphically revealed, the banks abused our legal system to foreclose （取消赎回权） on mortgages and eject tenants, some of whom did not even owe money.[O] More than a half-century ago, America led the way in advocating for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations in 1948. Today, access to health care is among the most universally accepted rights, at least in the advanced countries. America, despite the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, is the exception. In the relief that many felt when the Supreme Court did not overturn the Affordable Care Act, the implications of the decision for Medicaid were not fully appreciated. Obamacare's objective—to ensure that all Americans have access to health care—has been blocked: 24 states have not implemented the expanded Medicaid program, which was the means by which Obamacare was supposed to deliver on its promise to some of the poorest.[P] We need not just a new war on poverty but a war to protect the middle class. Solutions to these problems do not have to be novel. Far from it. Making markets act like markets would be a good place to start. We must end the rent-seeking society we have gravitated toward, in which the wealthy obtain profits by manipulating the system.[Q] The problem of inequality is not so much a matter of technical economics. It's really a problem of practical politics. Inequality is not just about the top marginal tax rate but also about our children's access to food and the right to justice for all. If we spent more on education, health and infrastructure （基础设施）, we would strengthen our economy, now and in the future.In theory, free competition is supposed to reduce the margin of profits to the minimum. The United States is now characterized by a great division between the rich and the poor. America lacked the incentive to care for the majority of its citizens as it found no rival for its economic model. The wealthy top have come to take privileges for granted. Many examples show the basic laws of imperial capitalism no longer apply in present-day America. The author suggests a return to the true spirit of the market. A quarter of the world's prisoner population is in America. Government regulation in America went from one extreme to the other in the past two decades. Justice has become so expensive that only a small number of people like corporate executives can afford it. No country in the world so far has been able to provide completely equal opportunities for all.

阅读理解(本大题共 15小题,共30.0分)ASECONDARY PROGRAMS & RESOURCESPRESENTATION - EXPI . ORING WILD)-LIFE CONSERVATION (1 HOUR)3 per student plus admissionLearn about several of the Toronto Zoo's conservation projects that are workin tosave endangered specie s200 AMBASSALDOR SIULENTVOLUNIEEKSThe Toronto Zoo is looking for secondary students who enjoy interacting with people toasist at spccia I eventsand our summerg-ooCamp..For more information, email tzvolunteers @ torontozoo. ca.HALF-DAY WORKSHOP 一 CLIMATECHANGE4 per student plusadmission. Students will learn about natural and human causescontributing to climate change and th effectit is having on ecosystemsGREEN TECHNOLOCY TOUR (I HOUR)2 per atulecat plus edmissiunLearn about siustainable(可持续的) development practices while visiting a few ot the green projects perfurmed at the Zo oGUIDED TOURS•Endangered Species•Evolution•Climate Change•Wildlife Health CentreAll tours can be adapted lor students with special needs or English as a second lan guageZOO SCHOOLStudents can corn tbeir grode 11 biology credit in the summer at the Torunto Zoo! This unique experience includeg behind-the-scenes tours, getting close to animale.career discussions with Zoo staff and interactive classroom discussions 2019, Repistration now open 2020, Registration dotails gvnilahle early 2019For registration deteils, pleaac vieit： _ toron-tozoo,_com/ educationandcamps/SECONDARY LEVEI ASSIGNMENTS FREE to download from website. Challenge your students to observe read, think, record data and make theirown discoveries at the Zoo zooschoolWILDLIFE HEALTH CENTREEducate your students about the vital behind-the scenes work of the 7oo's wildli sciencc specialists including reproductive sciences nutritional physiology. and conservation andwildife research Viewing times may vary. Please call 416 - 392- - 5932 for 0rrent information.Full program descriptions available at torontozoo com or email schools @torontozoo. cafor more informatiion .1.What opportunity can students get according to the text ?A.Helping in the summer Zoo Camp .B.Feeding and training animals in the zoo .C.Volunteering in the zoo's routine work .D.Earning their grade 10 biology credit .2.How much does a program about climate cost ?A. Free of charge.C. 3. D. 4.3.How can people get all the program information ?A. Call 416-392-5932 .B.Visit : torontozoo . com.C.Email tzvolunteers@torontozoo . ca.D.Visit: torontozoo . com/educationandcamps/zooschoo1.BI have three kids and a great husband and I'm enjoying a career that I find challenging and fun . To the outside world , this feels like "success , " But there is still a voice in my heart asking if this is who I truly am . Only in silence do I hear the self and wonder who that person might be .So I booked a trip to find out. I travelled , for the first time , without my husband or kids . I went to Iceland with a friend , who shares an appreciation for wilderness and silence .For six days, we were immersed (沉浸) in wild, raw scenery and real weather - all kinds of weather. Climbing a mountain against rain and returning to a tent for a simple meal reminds you how little you actually need . And how strong it feels to be uncomfortable sometimes .I found silence in Iceland , and time to consider the me outside of career and the me outside of kinds as I shared stories with strangers .When I stopped talking and just listened , I became more generous. I learned that choosing to be generous can create more space more food and more warmth .But I didn't really gain any better appreciation of what I want from life or my job . I suspect the anxiety that drove me to seek silence in Iceland was losing sight of my ability to choose gratitude and joy , and to be present in the challenges I set in my career and my family .I came home to noise, rush and love, with no less confusion on who I want to be . I know the answer isn't waiting out there on the top of a mountain in Iceland . The answer is in front of me with every step on my own life's path , and in every choice I make .4.Why did the author take a trip to Iceland ?A.To gain a new experience .B.To enjoy family happiness .C.To appreciate natural beauty.D.To better understand herself.5.What do we learn about the author's trip ?A. Exciting . B. Difficult . C. Relaxing . D. Adventurous .6.What change happened to the author?A. She felt lonelier . B. She felt more anxious .C. She became more confident. D. She became more caring.7.What will the author do in the future ?A.Go back to nature.B.Face reality bravely .C.Travel to Iceland more often .D.Pay less attention to her feelings .CIn America , the number of people killed in car crashes in 2016 was above 40, 000 for the first time in a decade, data released on Wednesday shows."Americans believe there is nothing we can do to stop crashes from happening , but that isn't true. We are behind the rest of the developed world in addressing highway fatalities (死亡) . We just haven't been willing to do what needs to be done, "said Deborah A. P. Hersman, president of the National Safety Council .The National Safety Council data shows a 6 percent increase in deaths in 2018 when compared with 2015 and a 3 percent increase in the number of miles Americana drove in 2016 ."Motor vehicle fatality numbers have been ringing the alarm for two years , "Hersman said. "Unfortunately , we have been blind to the data and the killings on our roadways. If we fail to take action , the death tell will continue to rise . ""The trend is clear: After years of progress, highway deaths are heading in the wrong direction, "said Jonathan Adkins , a state safety official .The number of people killed reached a record low of 32 , 675 in 2014, according to NHTSA statistics. That record followed a fairly steady downward track for the past six years that experts attributed it primarily to safety features that have been built into cars and trucks .Safety advances including increased seat-belt use, air bags, anti-lock braking , stability controls and electronic warnings and cameras.The bad economy and high gas prices also influenced the reduction in deaths . Now, with unemployment and gas prices both low , more people are driving for work and pleasure trips . "It's not just that Americans drive more miles when the economy improves ; it's the kind of miles they drive , "said Adrian Lund , president of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . 8. What's Hersman's attitude towards the present situation ?A.It has been getting better.B.It can hardly be improved .C.The efforts are far from enough .D.Much work hart already been done .9.What do we learn about the number of highway deaths in 2013 in America ?A.It's lower than that in 2014 .B.It's lower than that in 2010 .C.It's the lowest in recent years .D.It's the highest in recently years .10.What will happen with the economic recovery ?A.The gas prices will go up .B.The gas price will go down .C.There will be more highway deaths .D.There will be fewer highway deaths .11.What would be the best title for the passage ?A.Traffic Deaths Are on the RiseB.Highway Deaths Will Drop offC.Measures to Handle Car CrashesD.Safety Advances in Cars Are MadeDIt sounds almost too good to be true, but a new study on sleeping brains suggests that listening to languages while you sleep can actually help you to learn them .For the study, researchers played recordings of foreign words and their translations to subjects enjoying slow-wave sleep , a stage when a person has 1ittle consciousness of their environment . To ensure that the results were not compromised by foreign language words that subjects may have had some contact with at some point in their waking lives, researchers made up totally nonexistent foreign words .When the subjects woke up , they were presented with the made-up words again without their translations . The subjects were then asked to imagine whether this made-up word indicated an object that was either smaller or larger. This vague( 模糊的) way of testing their understanding of the words is an approach that is supposed to tap into the unconscious memory .Unbelievably , the subjects were able to correctly classify the words in this way at an accuracy rate that was 10 percent higher than random chance. That's not a rate high enough to have them suddenly communicating in a foreign tongue , but it is enough to suggest that the brain is still absorbing information on some level , even during sleep.Researchers have long known that sleep is important for memory , but previously its role in memory was thought to relate only to the preservation and organization of memories acquired during wakefulness . This is the first time that memory formation has been shown to be active during sleep .In other words , our brains are listening to the world , and learning about it, even when our conscious selves are not present.The next step for researchers will be to see if new information can be 1earned quicker during wakefulness if it was already presented during sleep . If so, it could forever change how we train our brains to learn new things . Sleep learning might become a widespread practice .12.Why did researchers use some made-up words in the study?A.To guarantee the accuracy of the test result.B.To increase the difficulty of testing information .C.To avoid the subjects cheating in the experiment .D.To test if our brain are good at learning something new .13.What were the subjects asked to do in the study?A.Classify what they heard by size .B.Make up a word to represent"large"or"small" .C.Repeat the words they heard in the sleep.D.Imagine the meanings of the made-up words .14.What conclusion did researchers draw from this study ?A.Sleep is necessary for a good memory.B.Memory formation goes on during sleep .C.Listening during sleep is good for our brain .D.Learning languages in sleep has better effects.15.What will be the researchers'next plan ?A.To train people how to learn during sleep .B.To prove the existence of unconscious memory .C.To dig out the reason for unconscious learning .D.To study the effect of sleep learning on conscious learning ..

2. 我们的结论立足于不可否认的事实和具体的数据。(rest on)3. 两国未能在谈判中达成一致，于是付诸武力解决争端。(resort to)4. 他的粗心酿成大错。而且，他还不承认。(blunder; acknowledge)5. 作为一个团队，我们要尽力达到巅峰状态，因为我们的成功和每一个人都有利害关系。(have a stake in)

Creative Justice Throwing criminals in jail is an ancient and widespread method of punishment, but is it a wise one It does seem reasonable to keep wrongdoers in a place where they find fewer opportunities to hurt innocent people, and where they might discover that crime doesn’t pay. The system has long been considered fair and sound by those who want to see the guilty punished and society protected. Yet the value of this form of justice is now being questioned by the very men who have to apply it: the judges. The reason, they say, is that prison doesn’t do anyone any good. Does it really help society, or the victim, or the victim’s family, to put in jail a man who, while drunk at the wheel of his car, has injured or killed another person It would be more helpful to make the man pay for his victim’s medical bills and compensate him for the bad experience, the loss of working time, and any other problems arising from the accident. If the victim is dead, in most cases his family could use some financial assistance. The idea of compensation is far from new: some ancient nations had laws defining very precisely what should be paid for every offense and injury. In Babylon, around 2700 B. C., a thief had to give back five times the value of the goods he had stolen; in Rome, centuries later, thieves only paid double. "Good system!" say modern judges, who know what bad effects a prison term can have on a nonviolent first offender. A young thief who spends time in jail receives there a thorough education in crime from his fellow prisoners. Willingly or not, he has to associate with tough criminals who will drag him into more serious offenses, more prison terms ― a life of repeated wrongdoing that will leave a trail of victims and cost the community a great deal of money; for it is very expensive to put a man on trial and keep him in jail. Such considerations have caused a number of English and American judges to try other kinds of punishment for "light" criminals, all unpleasant enough to discourage the offenders from repeating their offenses, but safe for them because they are not exposed to dangerous company. They pay for their crime by "helping their victims, financially or otherwise, or by doing unpaid labor for their community; they may have to work for the poor or the mentally ill, to clean the streets of their town, collect little or plant trees, or to do some work for which they are qualified. Or perhaps they take a job and repay their victim out of their salary. This sort of punishment, called an alternative sentence, is applied only to nonviolent criminals who are not likely to be dangerous to the public, such as forgers, shoplifters, and drivers who have caused traffic accidents. Alternative sentences are considered particularly good for young offenders. The sentenced criminal has the right to refuse the new type of punishment if he prefers a prison term. Since alternative sentences are not defined by law, it is up to the judges to find the punishment that fits the crime. They have shown remarkable imagination in applying what they call "creative justice. " A dentist convicted of killing a motorcyclist while driving drunk has been condemned to fix the teeth of the poor and the elderly at his own expense one day a week for a full year. Another drunk driver (age nineteen) was ordered to work in the emergency room of a hospital once a week for three years, so that he could see for himself the results of careless driving. A thief who had stolen some equipment from a farmer had to raise a pig and a calf for his victim. A former city treasurer, guilty of dishonest actions, was put to raising money for the Red Cross. A group of teenagers were sentenced to fix ten times the number of windows that they had smashed "just for fun" one wild evening. Grafiti artists have been made to scrub walls, benches, and other "decorated" places. Other young offenders caught snatching old ladies’ purses have been condemned to paint or repair old people’s houses or to work in mental hospitals. A doctor who had attacked his neighbor during a snowball fight had to give a lecture on the relation between smoking and cancer. A college professor arrested in a protest demonstration was ordered to write a long essay on civil disobedience, and the president of a film company, who had forged 42,000 worth of checks, had to make a film about the danger of drugs, to be shown in schools. The project cost him 45,000, besides the fine that he had been sentenced to pay. The judges’ creativity is not reserved for individuals only; lawbreaking companies also can receive alternative sentences. They are usually directed to make large contributions to charities or projects that will benefit their community. Instead of trying new types of sentences, some judges have explored new ways of using the old ones. They have given prison term to be served on weekends only, for instance ― a sentence that allows married offenders to retain their jobs and to keep their families together. Although the public tends to find the weekend sentences much too light, the offenders ’do not always agree. Says one, "it’s worse than serving one term full time, because it’s like going to jail twenty times. " But prison personnel object that it is too easy for weekenders to bring drugs and other forbidden goods to the other inmates: they have to be searched carefully and create extra problems and work for the guards. Alternative sentencing is now practiced in seventeen states and is spreading fast. Judges meet regularly to compare sentences and share their experiences. The federal government has announced that it would provide guidelines to prevent the courts from giving widely different sentences for similar offenses. The judges have not welcomed the idea; they feel that it will narrow their choice of sentences and clip the wings of their imagination. The supporters of the new justice point out that it presents many advantages. It reduces prison crowding, which has been responsible for much violence and crime among inmates. It saves a great deal of money, and decreases the chances of bad influence and repeated offenses. It also provides some help to the victims, who have always been neglected in the past. Many judges think that alternative sentences may also be beneficial to the offenders themselves, by forcing them to see the effects of their crimes and the people who have suffered from them. The greatest resistance to the new kind of justice comes from the families of victims who have died. Bent on revenge, many angrily refuse any sort of compensation. They want the criminal locked up in the good old-fashioned way. They believe, reasonably, that the only just punishment is the one that fits the crime. And they fail to understand the purpose of alternative sentencing. What the judges are trying to find is the kind of punishment that will not only be just, but useful to society, by helping the victims and their families, the community, and those offenders who can be reformed. "This," says a "creative" judge, "is true justice. English and American judges are trying to use alternative sentencing to punish ______. A. all criminals B. "light" criminals C. "heavy" criminals D. poor criminals

阅读单选Articles should be typewritten and double spaced,using only one side of the page.-|||-※Your name ,years of birth ,school name (and English teacher), home addressand e-mail-|||-Address must be included.-|||-For photos,place the information on the back of each envelope: PLEASE DON`T FOLD.-|||-※Please keep copies of your text, pictures or photos.-|||-※The sentence MUST BE WRITTEN with your name on each work,"I promise the above work is-|||-completely original(原创的)"-|||-※If your article is chosen,you will receive a copy of School Life and a special gift.-|||-SE ND IT A L L SUN IM E R !★★-|||-For more information,please contact us! Tel:(02)-|||-9213-6116 Fax:(02) 9267-4363-|||--mat: schoollifeacemagazes. com au Mail(1)All the information about the writer must be included EXCEPT the ____.A.school name B.e-mail address C.year of birth D.telephone number(2)What is required for the articles wanted according to the passage?A.They must be fully created by the writers themselves.B.They must be typed in single space and on both sides.C..They must be provided with photos and descriptions.D.They must be sent with the copies of texts and pictures.(3)According to the passage,you can send your articles__.A.within 3 weeks B.during the summer C.all the year round D.during the whole term(4)You cancontact SCHOOL LIFE by these ways EXCEPT .A.making a phone call B.sending an e-mail C.visiting in person. D.writing a letter(5)Who do you think will write articles for SCHOOL LIF?A.Students who are interested in writing.B.Teachers who love writing and taking photosC.Parents who wish their kids to be popular writers.D.Readers who had a happy time in their childhood.Like any good mother, when Karen found out that another baby was on the way, she did what she could to help her 3﹣year﹣old son, Michael, prepare for a new sibling. They find out that the new baby is going to be a girl, and day after day, night after night, Michael sings to his sister in Mommy's tummy. The pregnancy progresses normally for Karen, an active member of the Panther Creek United Methodist Church in Morristown, Tennessee. Then the labor pains come. Every five minutes …every minute. But Complications arise during delivery. Hours of labor. Would a C﹣section be required? Finally, Michael's little sister is born. But she is in serious condition. With siren howling in the night, the ambulance rushes the infant to the neonatal intensive care unit at St. Mary's Hospital in Knoxville, Tennessee. The days inch by. The little girl gets worse. The pediatric specialist tells the parents, "There is very little hope. Be prepared for the worst." Karen and her husband contact a local cemetery about a burial plot. They have fixed up a special room in their home for the new baby ﹣ now they plan a funeral. Michael, keeps begging his parents to let him see his sister, "I want to sing to her, " he says, but kids are never allowed in Intensive Care Unit. However, Karen makes up her mind. She will take Michael whether they like it or not. If he doesn't see his sister now, he may never see her alive. She dresses him in an oversized scrub suit and marches him into ICU. He looks like a walking laundry basket, but the head nurse recognizes him as a child and bellows, "Get that kid out of here now! No children are allowed." The mother rises up strong in Karen, and the usually mild﹣mannered lady glares steel﹣eyed into the head nurse's face, her lips a firm line. "He is not leaving until he sings to his sister!" Karen tows Michael to his sister's bedside. He gazes at the tiny infant losing the battle to live. And he begins to sing. In the pure hearted voice of a 3﹣year﹣old, Michael sings: "You are my sunshine, my only sunshine, you make me happy when skies are gray …"Instantly the baby girl responds. The pulse rate becomes calm and steady. Keep on singing, Michael. "You never know, dear, how much I love you. Please don't take my sunshine away…" The ragged, strained breathing becomes as smooth as a kitten's purr. Keep on singing, Michael. "The other night, dear, as I lay sleeping, I dreamed I held you in my arms…" Michael's little sister relaxes as rest, healing rest, seems to sweep over her. Keep on singing, Michael. Tears conquer the face of the bossy head nurse. Karen glows. "You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. Please don't take my sunshine away." Funeral plans are scrapped. The next day ﹣ the very next day ﹣ the little girl is well enough to go home! The medical staff just called it a miracle. Karen called it a miracle of God's love! Never give up on the people you love. Love is so incredibly powerful.(1)What can we learn from the passage?________A.Michael doesn't love his younger sister because she will share his mother's.B.After delivering the baby, Karen was seriously ill.C.Seeing the younger sister in danger, Michael didn't care and still sang happily.D.The head nurse was at last moved by Michael's song and his love for the sister.(2)Why did Karen insist on Michael's entering Intensive Care Unit ?________A.Because Michael may never have chance to see his younger sister alive.B.ecause Karen was driven mad at that time.C.Because Michael was also seriously ill.D.Because Karen knew Michael would save his younger sister by his singing.(3)Who saved the girl in the end?________A.The baby . B.Karen and her husband. C.The pediatric specialist . D.Her brother Michael.(4)What does the writer want to convey in the passage?________A.Love can make miracles.B.Where there is a will, there is a way.C.A friend in need is a friend indeed.D.Parents are the best teachers in children's development.Bike-sharing has swept across China, with an increasing number of people choosing bike riding instead of driving. The bike that the service company provides has GPS or Bluetooth on it, and those bikes can be easily unlocked with a smart phone and left anywhere in public. Bike-sharing allows people to borrow a bike from one place and return it at another place easily.In some cities, we can see more and more people riding this kind of sharing-bikes. It' s very convenient to use the bikes if you have a smart phone. First, you have to download such an APP on your smart phone. Then what you need to do is to find a nearest bike through the APP, scan the QR code on the bike or connect your phone with the bike over a Bluetooth wireless connection. You will find the bike can be unlocked itself. Then you can enjoy your trip. What' s more, the greatest advantage of bike-sharing is that you can easily find one and never worry about where to park it. The cost of riding depends on the time that you spend. Normally, every hour you ride, you need to pay one yuan. It doesn't cost so much, does it?At the same time, some people park the bikes in their own homes. Besides, some people don' t value the bikes. Now service companies are trying to solve the problem like being stolen.Technology and science have changed our social lifestyles. We have to say bike-sharing brings us more convenience without doubt. And we also hope that people can not only enjoy it but also put it to good use.(1)From the first paragraph, we know ______.A.bike-sharing is invented in ChinaB.sharing-bikes are used by some peopleC.most people in cities don't driveD.sharingbik-es can be borrowed anywhere(2)The underlined word "scan" in Paragraph 2 probably means ________ in Chinese.A.浏览 B.扫描 C.审视 D.细查(3)If you want to use a sharing-bike, you must ________ first.A.have a smart phone and download an APPB.download an APP and pay for the tripC.unlock the bike and download an APPD.find a nearest bike and borrow it from anyone.(4)Which of the following is NOT mentioned in this passage?A.Bike-sharing is very cheap.B.Sharing-bikes may be stolen.C.Sharing-bikes are easy to unlock.D.Bike-sharing is a kind of green transport.(5)The passage probably comes from a ________.A.science textbook B.tourist guide C.website news report D.restaurant menu.

二、 阅读理解（共 4 题）2. Off the Beaten Cart PathThe best-selling travel book which includes over 200 new places of interest, over 200 newfull-color photographs, and all-new, up-to-date maps. It includes over 1,000 of the UnitedStates` most must-see destinationsCover price: 30.00 Our price:19.80ParentsThe most popular magazine for parents who want to raise smart and loving children. It haschild development guidance, advice on your child’s health and safety, and the best way toencourage your child’s learningCover Price: 26.00 Our price:12.60Best Weekend ProjectsThe projects are chosen from 80 special ideas to create an unusual living space. They arepractical, as well as creative. They will improve your home and yard and can be made onweekends. And the most important of all, they are easy to follow.Cover Price: 17.95Our price:13.90LuckyThe shopping magazine with the best buys, and the fashion tips. You’ll need them before yougo to the stores. What makes Lucky really special is that it gives you the information you needbefore anyone else has it.Cover Price: 18.50 Our Price :15.50【1】How much can you save to buy a copy of Best Weekend Projects now?A. 3 B.4.05 C.10.2D.13.4【2】Which book can give you some advice on shopping?A. Lucky B. ParentsC. Off the Beaten Cart Path D. Best Weekend Projects【3】Who may like the book Off the Beaten Cart Path most?A. Ladies loving shoppingB. Parents with new-born babiesC. Persons loving traveling in AmericaD. Husbands wanting to improve their home3. Jim Denevan is an amazing artist whose work is admired by all, but owned by none — that’sbecause all of Jim’s art is created on an unusual canvas( 画布)— the soft sand. He sometimesspends days working on a piece, only to see it washed away by the sea or a storm and that is justthe way he likes it.Denevan discovered his artistic talents about ten years ago, when he was wandering aimlesslyon the beach with a stick. He ended up drawing a 12-foot-long fish. Since then, Jim hastraveled over 1,800 miles while creating over 600 pieces of sand art.Over the years, his drawings have become bigger, but the tools he uses haven’t changed — Allhe needs is a stick, a garden rake (耙子)and most importantly, his lively imagination!Just like any good artist, Jim is quite particular about the “quality” of his canvas, sometimeswalking for miles, looking for perfect sand. His latest piece of work, which is also the world’slargest freelance (自由职业的)drawing, was created in the desert sand of Nevada. It took Jimthree trips, eight days and over 100 miles of walking to create this 3-mile work of art. It tookthe storm just one night to destroy it! However, Jim says he actually enjoys watching thewaves or rain, wash his paintings away.Jim’s art has become very popular over the years and was even the topic of a documentarynamed “Sandman” in 2015. Jim Denevan is not just about art in the sand — he is also anexcellent chef and founder of an organization called “Outstanding in the Field”, whosemottois to celebrate food at its source. Accordingly, group dining events are held outdoors onfarms, with the diners being treated to a delicious meal. The events, which are held in differentfarms throughout America, are always sold out the minute the schedule is announced.【1】What do we know about Denevan?A. He used to be a chef.B. He has a talent for creating sand art.C. He puts his work on show regularly.D. He showed artistic talents at a very young age.【2】It can be learnt from the passage that ___________.A. Denevan walks a lot to complete his workB. it is not hard for Denevan to find suitable sand to draw onC. it usually takes long for the storm to destroy Denevan’s workD. Denevan is very particular about his drawing tools.【3】Which of the following can best describe Denevan?A. Generous. B. Kind-hearted. C. Imaginative. D. Traditional.【4】What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. Denevan loses his interest in art soon.B. Denevan is also popular as a chef.C. Being a happy chef is Denevan’s final goal in life.D. Denevan’s fame helps him with his chef job.4. The City of Christchurch, New Zealand was struck by a 7.1magnitude earthquake on theearly morning of Saturday, September 4,2010.No tsunami alert was reported. The country's army troops were on standby to assist victimsand disaster recovery operation. New Zealand's Prime Minister John Key, flew to the affectedarea to inspect and assess the situation of the damaged city. The Prime Minister said that thefull assessment of the damages would possibly take months to know the severity of damages.Based from his assessment on what he saw in the area, it could cost at least 2 billion NewZealand dollars or US1.4 billion for reconstruction.“An absolute miracle that no one died，” Prime Minister John Key said. Two were seriouslyinjured from this quake and thousands of local residents were awakened after being shaken at4:35 a.m. of that Saturday.There were people trapped inside the damaged buildings but fortunately none were reporteddead from the rubble of the damaged buildings.“We're all feeling scared—we've just had some significant aftershocks，” a survivor told TVOne News. “Tonight we're just people in the face of a massive natural disaster, trying to helpeach other and we're grateful we haven't lost a life.”GNS Science reported 29 aftershocks within the 14 hours after the quake, with strength frommagnitude 3.7 to 5.4.New_Zealand_is_no_stranger_to_earthquakes.The country experiences more than 14,000earthquakes a year—but only about 150 are felt by people.“Many buildings here were built with earthquake protection measures. However, in mostcities in developing countries, people build how they want to and there're no building controlsto force them to build to a higher standard that's safe，” Andrew Charleson, an architectureprofessor at Victoria University of Wellington told CNN.【1】How many people were killed in the New Zealand earthquake on September 4, 2010?A.250,000. B.29. C.2. D.0.【2】After the earthquake, all of the following occurred EXCEPT that ________.A.a number of aftershocks broke outB.army troops were there to helpC.no people were injured or killedD.the full assessment of the damages can't take in a short time【3】What does the underlined sentence mean?A.Earthquakes break out frequently in New Zealand.B.The earthquakes breaking out in New Zealand are very strange.C.The earthquakes breaking out in New Zealand are unusual.D.Earthquakes rarely hit New Zealand.【4】What's the main idea of the passage?A.No one was ever killed in earthquakes in New Zealand.B.A massive earthquake struck the city of Christchurch of New Zealand.C.New Zealand has strict laws to guarantee the buildings' safety.D.A miracle happened in the terrible earthquake.5. A long-term American study shows the importance of early education for poor children. Thestudy is known as the Abecedarian(初步的) Project. It involved more than one-hundred youngchildren from poor families in North Carolina.Half of the children attended an all-day program at a high-quality childcare center. The centeroffered educational, health and social programs. Children took part in games and activities toincrease their thinking and language skills and social and emotional development. Theprogram also included health foods for the children.The children attended the program from when they were a few weeks old until the age of fiveyears. The other group of children did not attend the childcare center. After the age of five,both groups attended public school.Researchers compared the two groups of children. When they were babies, both groups hadsimilar results in tests for mental and physical skills. However, from the age of eighteenmonths, the children in the educational child care program did much better in tests.The researchers tested the children again when they were twelve and fifteen years old. Thetests found that the children who had been in the childcare center continued to have higheraverage test results. These children did much better on tests of reading and mathematics.A few years ago, organizers of the Abecedarian Project tested the students again. At the time,each student was twenty-one years old. They were tested for thinking and educational ability,employment, parenting and social skills. The researchers found that the young adults who hadthe early education still did better in reading and mathematics tests. They were more than twotimes as likely to go to college or to have completed college. In addition, the children whoreceived early education were older on average, when their first child was born.The study offers more evidence that learning during the first months and years of life isimportant for all later development.The researchers of the Abecedarian Project believe their study shows a need for lawmakers tospend money on public early education. They believe these kinds of programs could reducethe number of children who do not complete school and are unemployed.【1】The Abecedarian Project has lasted ______.A. almost one year B. about five years C. more than 20 years D. no more than 15 years【2】What do we know about the people who had been in the childcare center, comparedwith those who hadn’t?A. They were more likely to go to college. B. They had children earlier．C. They had the same results in tests. D. They are less sociable．【3】According to the passage, The Abecedarian Project__________.A. involves children from rich familiesB. doesn’t provide food for childrenC. offers foreign teachers to help improve children’s language skillsD. studies the importance of an early education for poor children【4】What is NOT sure about the Abecedarian Project after reading the text?A. How important early education is for poor children.B. What the children learned at the child-care center.C. How many children are involved in the Abecedarian Project.D. Whether lawmakers will spend money on public early education.