Passage Two Global warming was once an uncommon term used by a few scientists who were growing concerned over the effects of decades of pollution on long-term weather patterns. Today, the idea of global warming is well known, if not well understood. It is not unusual to hear someone complaining about a hot day or a freak storm and remark, "It’s global warming. " Global warming is a significant increase in the Earth’s climatic temperature over a relatively short period of time as a result of the activities of humans. In specific terms, an increase of l or more degrees Celsius in a period of one hundred to two hundred years would be considered global warming. Over the course of a single century, an increase of even 0.4 degrees Celsius would be significant. Most scientists recognize that global warming does seem to be happening, but a few don’t believe that it is anything to be worried about. These scientists say that the Earth is more resistant to climate changes on this scale than we think. Plants and animals will adapt to subtle shifts in weather patterns, and it is unlikely anything catastrophic will happen as a result of global warming. Slightly longer growing seasons, changes in precipitation levels and stronger weather, in their opinion, are not generally disastrous. They also argue that the economic damage caused by cutting down on the emission of greenhouse gases will be far more damaging to humans than any of the effects of global warming. In a way, the scientific consensus may be a moot point. The real power to enact significant change rests in the hands of those who make national and global policy. Some policymakers in the United States are reluctant to propose and enact changes because they feel the costs may outweigh any risks global warming poses. Some common concerns, claims and complaints include: A change in the United States’ policies in emissions and carbon production could result in a loss of jobs; India and China, both of which continue to rely heavily on coal for their main source of energy, will continue to cause environmental problems even if the United States changes its energy policies (critics of these policymakers point out that this approach employs the tu quoque logical fallacy); Since scientific evidence is about probabilities rather than certainties, we can’t be certain that human behavior is contributing to global warming, that our contribution is significant, or that we can do anything to fix it; Technology will find a way to get us out of the global warming mess, so any change in our policies will ultimately be unnecessary and cause more harm than good. What’s the correct answer It can be hard to figure out. Most scientists will tell you that global warming is real and that it is likely to do sonic kind of harm, hut the extent of the problem and the danger posed by its effects are wide open for debate. Though scientists warn that global warming will likely continue for centuries because of the long natural processes involved, there are a few things we can do to decrease the effects. Basically, they all boil down to this: Don’t use as much of the stuff that creates greenhouse gases. On a local level, you can help by using less energy. The electricity that operates many of the devices in our homes comes from a power plant, and most power plants burn fossil fuels to generate that power. Turn off lights when they’re not in use. Take shorter showers to use less hot water. Use a fan instead of an air conditioner on a warm day. Here are some other specific ways you can help decrease greenhouse-gas emissions: Make sure your car is properly tuned up. This allows it to run more efficiently and generate fewer harmful gases; Walk or ride your bike if possible, or carpool on your way to work. Cars burn fossil fuel, so smaller, more fuel-efficient cars emit less CO2, particularly hybrid cars; Turn lights and other appliances off when you’re not using them. Even though a light bulb doesn’t generate greenhouse gas, the power plant that generates the electricity used by the light bulb probably does. Switch from incandescent light bulbs to fluorescent bulbs, which use less energy and last longer; Recycle. Garbage that doesn’t get recycled ends up in a landfill, generating methane. Recycled goods also require less energy to produce than products made from scratch; Plant trees and other plants where you can. Plants take carbon dioxide out of the air and release oxygen. Don’t burn garbage. This releases carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons into the atmosphere. To really stem the emission of greenhouse gases, we need to develop non-fossil fuel energy sources. Hydro-electric power, solar power, hydrogen engines and fuel cells could all create big cuts in greenhouse gases if they were to become more common. At the international level, the Kyoto treaty was written to reduce CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Thirty-five industrialized nations have committed to reducing their output of those gases to varying degrees. Unfortunately, the United States, the world’s primary producer of greenhouse gases, did not sign the treaty. In March, 2007, former Vice President Al Gore testified in front of Congress and urged them to make some very challenging changes in national policy. These include: Freeze carbon production at the current level and create programs to reduce carbon production by 90 percent by 2050 ; Shift taxation from employment and production to a taxation upon pollution; Create an international treaty that would effectively comply with the Kyoto treaty without carrying the same perceived political baggage; halt the construction of all new coal-based power facilities unless they comply with restrictions on carbon production; increase emission standards across the board for both the automobile industry and power facilities; ban incandescent light bulbs. Gore admits that the decision to enact these and other proposed responses to global warming can be difficult, He also says that climate change is not just a crisis, but the most important crisis mankind has ever faced.The author cited the example of the probable result for the change of policy in the United States (paragraph 5) in order to （）. A．indicate the impact for the alteration in US policy can be severe B．point out the difference in policies adopted in US and that in China and India C．explain why there are obstacles in taking some measures against global warming D．convince the readers it is too expensive to stop the global warming

The job is highly ________, both physically and mentally.A. demandingB. emphasizingC. increasingD. consuming

What is "civilization？" asked Kenneth Clark 50 years ago in the seminal bbc series on the subject． "I don't know， and I can't define it in abstract terms， yet． But I think I can recognize it when I see it， and I'm looking at it now．" And he turned to gesture behind him， at the soaring Gothic towers and flying buttresses of Notre Dame． It seems inhuman to care more about a building than about people． That the sight of Notre Dame going up in flames and sparks flowing off everywhere has attracted so much more attention than floods in southern Africa which killed over 1，000 arouses understandable feelings of guilt． Yet the widespread， intense grief at the sight of the cathedral's collapsing steeple is in fact profoundly human-and in a particularly 21st-century way． It is not just the economy that is global today， it is culture too． People wander the world in search not just of jobs and security but also of beauty and history． Familiarity breeds affection． A building on whose sunny steps you have rested， in front of which you have taken a selfie with your loved one， becomes a warm part of your memories and thus of yourself． That helps explain why China is in mourning-WeChat， young China's principal means of talking to itself， has been throbbing with the story-while India was largely indifferent． Tourism from India to the West is a trickle compared with the flood from China． This visual age has endowed beauty with new power， and social media have turned great works of art into superstars． Only a few， though， have achieved this status． Just as there is only ever a handful of word-famous actor， so the number of globally recognizable cultural symbols is tiny： the Mona Lisa， Michelangelo's David， the Taj Mahal， the Great Pyramid-and Notre Dame． Disaster， too， is visual． In the 24 hours after the fire started videos on social media of the burning cathedral were viewed nearly a quarter of a billion times． Yet the emotions the sight aroused were less about the building itself than about what losing it might mean． Notre Dame is an repression of humanity at its collective best． Nobody could look up into that vaulted ceiling without wondering at the cumulative genius of the thousands of anonymous craftsmen who， over a century and a half， realized a vision so grand in its structural ambition and so delicate in its hand-chiselled detail． Its survival through 850 years of political turbulence-through war， revolution and Nazi occupation- binds the present to the past． The fire also binds people to each other． The outpouring of emotion it has brought forth is proof that， despite the dark forces of division now abroad， we are all in it together． When nationalism is a raising threat， shared sadness makes borders suddenly irrelevant． When politics is polarized， a love of culture has the power to unite． When extremism divides Muslim from Christian and religious people from atheists， those of all faiths and none are mourning together． An edifice built for the glory of God also represents the unity of the human spirit． And it will be rebuilt． The morning after the fire， the many Parisians who went to the cathedral to mourn its destruction found comfort instead． Although the spire is gone， the towers are still standing and it seems likely that the whole building can be revived． The effort to rebuild it， like the fire， will bring people together． Within 24 hours， €600m (677m) had been raised from businesses and rich people， and rash of crowdfunding campaigns started． A high-resolution laser scan of the building， carried out recently， should help． It will never be the same， but that is as it should be． As Victor Hugo wrote in The Hunchback Of Notre Dame， a three-volume love-letter to the cathedral： "Great edifices， like great mountains， are the work of centuries． Art is often transformed as it is being made…Time is the architect， the nation is the builder．"(1)From the first two paragraphs， we know that______．A． Kenneth Clark thinks civilization is too abstract to recognizeB． it is not wrong to care more about a building than about peopleC． floods in southern Africa arouse understandable feelings of guiltD． it is found that the collapse of Notre Dame was caused by human(2)What can we infer from the underlined sentence "Familiarity breeds affection"？______A． Indians indifference to the fire results from lack of social media．B． Chinese affection for tourism contributes to nationwide mourning．C． Taking selfies with family members brings about warm memories．D． Love for Notre Dame arises from familiar memories and experiences．(3)According to the passage， the visual age______A． makes the cultural symbols more beautiful．B． makes many cultural symbols well-knownC． makes Notre Dame disaster widespread．D． makes social media develop swiftly．(4)Which of the following is TRUE about Notre Dame？______A． The survival of Notre Dame in many disasters is a bridge between present and past．B． The building itself rather than losing the building arouses sadness among people．C． The unity of the human spirit represents shared sadness and love of Notre Dame．D． The genius of famous architects is admired when people appreciate the building．(5)What is the best title for the passage？______A． Notre Dame Fire．B． The Human Spark．C． The Beauty of Notre Dame．D． Humanity and Architecture．

The ideal companion machine — the computer — would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that make interaction with other people enjoyable would be imitated as closely as possible, and the machine would appear to be charming, and easygoing. Its informal conversational style. would make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable and therefore interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intonate style. The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own. Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if it imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well-timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend. An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of the benefits that people obtain from interpersonal friendships. The machine would participate in interesting conversation that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user"s life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computer"s own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user. With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.Which of the following is NOT a feature of the ideal companion machine?A．Active in communication.B．Attractive in personality.C．Enjoyable in performance.D．Unpredictable in behaviour.

3.填空题(15分)Fill in the blanks with the following phrases.sink / get one's teeth into sth.,slave away (at sth.),count (down) the minutes / hours / days, at hand, contend with sth.1. Qian Qihu输入答案 the cause of national defense, since he fostered a sense of personal pride in his work.2. She输入答案 in the kitchen afternoon, preparing a feast for the family gathering.3. We need to make the best of the massive online learning resources输入答案 in the Internet Age.4. To be happy or not to be happy, that is the输入答案 every day.5. Laborers, but workers are energized.

Complete the following sentences by filling in each blank with an appropriate word or-|||-phrase from the box below. Change its form if necessary.-|||-eradicate retain trek contend-|||-耕等-|||-boost put forward make concerted efforts proceed from-|||-contribute to fall into elaborate on lag behind-|||-give full rein to rely on set out-|||-1.We will work with other countries to strengthen macro-economic policy-|||-coondination,opooc protcc improve global economic governance and __-|||-__ global growth.-|||-2.We the people of all ethnic groups in China should bear our mission in mind and-|||-__ to turn the wisdom and strength of our 1.3 billion-|||-people into an invincible force.-|||-3.Instead,we should continue to __ drawbacks in the-|||-system,and make it more mature and more enduring.-|||-4.The fate of the Party's undertakings __ whether it can-|||-maintain its ties with the people.-|||-5.Our Party has stood the test of time for 95 years,but we should always __-|||-__ the spirit of the Communists at the time of the founding of our Party-|||-6.Over 2,000 years ago, our ancestors, __ across vast steppes-|||-and deserts,opened the transcontinental pass connecting Asia,Europe an-|||-Africa,known today as the Silk Road.-|||-7.In face of the new trends of scientific and technological innovat the world's major-|||-countries are seeking to make new scientific and technologi breakthroughs and-|||-gain competitive edges in future economic as well as scientific and technologi-|||-development.We cannot afford to __ in this important race.-|||-8.Overseas Chinese should carry forward the Chinese nation's fine traditions of diligence-|||-and kindness,and __ the development of the country and-|||-friendship between the Chinese people and the people in their host countries.

Academic dishonesty is nothing new. As long as there have been homework assignments and tests, there have been cheaters. The way that cheating looks has changed over time, though, particularly now that technology has made it easier than ever. A study by the Josephson Institute of Ethics interviewed 23,000 high school students and asked them a variety of questions about academic ethics. Of the teens surveyed, 51 percent said that they had knowingly cheated at some point on an exam but that they did not feel uneasy about the behaviour. A Common Sense Media survey found that 35 percent of students had cheated via smartphone, though the parents surveyed in that particular study did not believe their kids had ever cheated. In many cases, students did not realize that strategies like looking up answers on a smartphone were actually cheating at all. In today’s classrooms, students who cheat are rarely caught. There are no formulas written on the insides of hands or students looking across the aisle, or whispering answers to their classmates. Today’s students use smartphones, tablets or even in-class computers to aid their cheating attempts and leave no trace of their crimes. Since cheating through technology is not listed specifically as being against the rules in many school policies, students do not view the actions unethical. The technology is being adopted so quickly that school districts cannot adequately keep up with cheating policies, or even awareness campaigns that alert students to the problem with using technology to find answers in a certain way. From a young age, students learn that answers exist conveniently at their fingertips through search engines and expert websites. Schools must develop anti-cheating policies that include technology and these policies must be updated consistently. Teachers must stay on guard when it comes to what their students are doing in classrooms and how technology could be playing a negative role in the learning process. Parents must also talk to their kids about the appropriate ways to find academic answers and alert them to unethical behaviours that may seem innocent in their own eyes.1、What do we learn from the study by the Josephson Institute of Ethics?A.Over half of the students interviewed were unaware they were cheating.B.Cheating was becoming a way of life for a majority of high school teens.C.More than half of the interviewees felt no sense of guilt over cheating.D.Cheating was getting more and more difficult for high school students.2、What did the Common Sense Media survey reveal?E.Most parents tended to overprotect their children.F.Many students committed cheating unknowingly.G.Students were in urgent need of ethical education.H.Parents and kids had conflicting ideas over cheating.3、Why do students rarely get caught cheating nowadays?I.They copy formulas on their palms.J.They help each other to cover up their acts.K.They keep changing their ways of cheating.L.They make use of modern technology.4、What does the author think schools should do to tackle cheating?M.Bring policies against cheating up to date.N.Reform their exam methods constantly.O.Take advantage of the latest technologies.P.Alert parents to their children’s behaviour.5、What does the author suggest teachers do in the classroom?Q.Prevent students from overusing electronic devices.R.Develop more effective anti-cheating strategies.S.Find more ways to curb students’ unethical acts.T.Guard against students’ misuse of technology.

I hope that this wonderful time is not over and we will be able to continue to enjoy this warm ______ for many years.A. hospitalityB. moralityC. punctualityD. fatality

12．宇宙飞船很快就要发射了，控制室的人已经开始在倒数了．The spaceship will soon be launched，the people at control have already begun tocount down．