Google’s Plan for World’s Biggest Online Library: Philanthropy Or Act of Piracy In recent years, teams of workers dispatched by Google have been working hard to make digital copies of books. So far,Google has scanned more than 10 million titles from libraries in America and Europe―including half a million volumes held by the Bodleian in Oxford. The exact method it uses is unclear: the company does not allow outsiders to observe the process.Why is Google undertaking such a venture’ Why is it even interested in all those out-of-print library books, most of which have been gathering dust on forgotten shelves for decades The company claims its motives are essentially public-spirited. Its overall mission, after all, is to "organise the world’s information", so it would be odd if that information did not include books.The company likes to present itself as having lofty aspirations. "This really isn’t about making money. We are doing this for the good of society." As Santiago de la Mora, head of Google Books for Europe, puts it: "By making it possible to search the millions of books that exist today,we hope to expand the frontiers of human knowledge."Dan Clancy,the chief architect of Google Books, does seem genuine in his conviction that this is primarily a philanthropic(慈善的)exercise. "Google’s core business is search and find,so obviously what helps improve Google’s search engine is good for Google," he says, "But we have never built a spreadsheet (电子数据表)outlining the financial benefits of this,and I have never had to justify the amount l am spending to the company’s founders."It is easy,talking to Clancy and his colleagues, to be swept along by their missionary passion. But Google’s book-scanning project is proving controversial. Several opponents have recently emerged, ranging from rival tech giants such as Microsoft and Amazon to small bodies representing authors and publishers across the world. In broad terms, these opponents have levelled two sets of criticisms at Google.First, they have questioned whether the primary responsibility for digitally archiving the world’s books should be allowed to fall to a commercial company. In a recent essay in the New York Review of Books, Robert Darnton, the head of Harvard University’s library, argued that because such books are a common resource―the possession of us all―only public, not-for-profit bodies should be given the power to control them.The second related criticism is that Google’s scanning of books is actually illegal. This allegation has led to Google becoming mired in (陷入)a legal battle whose scope and complexity makes the Jarndyce and Jarndyce case in Charles Dickens’ Bleak House look straightforward.At its centre,however, is one simple issue: that of copyright. The inconvenient fact about most books, to which Google has arguably paid insufficient attention,is that they are protected by copyright. Copyright laws differ from country to country,but in general protection extends for the duration of an author’s life and for a substantial period afterwards,thus allowing the author’s heirs to benefit. (In Britain and America, this post-death period is 70 years.) This means,of course, that almost all of the books published in the 20th century are still under copyright―and last century saw more books published than in all previous centuries combined. Of the roughly 40 million books in US libraries,for example,an estimated 32 million are in copyright. Of these,some 27 million are out of print.Outside the us, Google has made sure only to scan books that are out of copyright and thus in the "public domain" (works such as the Bodleian’s first edition of Middlemarch, which anyone can read for free on Google Books Search).But,within the US, the company has scanned both in-copyright and out-of-copyright works. In its defence, Google points out that it displays only small segments of books that are in copyright―arguing that such displays are "fair use". But critics allege that by making electronic copies of these books without first seeking the permission of copyright holders,Google has committed piracy."The key principle of copyright law has always been that works can be copied only once authors have expressly given their permission," says Piers Blofeld,of the Sheil Land literary agency in London. "Google has reversed this-it has simply copied all these works without bothering to ask,"In 2005, the Authors Guild of America, together with a group of US publishers,launched a class action suit (集团诉讼 )against Google that,after more than two years of negotiation,ended with an announcement last October that Google and the claimants had reached an out-of-court settlement. The full details are complicated the text alone runs to 385 pages―and trying to summarise it is no easy task. "Part of the problem is that it is basically incomprehensible," says Blofeld,one of the settlement’s most vocal British critics.Broadly,the deal provides a mechanism for Google to compensate authors and publishers whose rights it has breached (including giving them a share of any future revenue it generates from their works). In exchange for this, the rights holders agree not to sue Google in future.This settlement hands Google the power―but only with the agreement of individual rights holders―to exploit its database of out-of-print books. It can include them in subscription deals sold to libraries or sell them individually under a consumer licence. It is these commercial provisions that are proving the settlement’s most controversial aspect.Critics point out that, by giving Google the right to commercially exploit its database, the settlement paves the way for a subtle shift in the company’s role from provider of information to seller. "Google’s business model has always been to provide information for free, and sell advertising on the basis of the traffic this generates," points out James Grimmelmann, associate professor at New York Law School. Now, he says, because of the settlement’s provisions,Google could become a significant force in bookselling.Interest in this aspect of the settlement has focused on "orphan" works, where there is no known copyright holder―these make up an estimated 5-10% of the books Google has scanned. Under the settlement, when no rights holders come forward and register their interest in a work, commercial control automatically reverts to Google. Google will be able to display up to 20% of orphan works for free,include them in its subscription deals to libraries and sell them to individual buyers under the consumer licence.It is by no means certain that the settlement will be enacted (执行)―it is the subject of a fairness hearing in the US courts. But if it is enacted, Google will in effect be off the hook as far as copyright violations in the US are concerned. Many people are seriously concerned by this―and the company is likely to face challenges in other courts around the world.No one knows the precise use Google will make of the intellectual property it has gained by scanning the world’s library books, and the truth, as Gleick, an American science writer and member of the Authors Guild, points out, is that the company probably doesn’t even know itself. But what is certain is that, in some way or other,Google’s entrance into digital bookselling will have a significant impact on the book world in years to come.What do we learn about the class action suit against Google A．It ended in a victory for the Authors Guild of America.B．It could lead to more out-of-court settlements of such disputes.C．It failed to protect the interests of American publishers.D．It was settled after more than two years of negotiation.
Keeping kids motivated（积极性的） at the end of the year is not so easy，especially after tests are over．In fact，the more kids study for tests，the harder it is to keep them on tasks after testing ends．___keeping kids motivated at this time of year is actually much easier than you might think．Here are some helpful ways to turn students' end-of-the-year energy into success．Class scrapbooks （剪贴簿）Creating a class scrapbook is a good way for students to focus at the end of the school year．Let each student make his or her own special page．They can write their names，photos，and other personal skills in the front of the page．Have each student write you a letter about the school year and stick it to the back of his or her page．Read aloud marathons．There never seems to be enough time to read aloud during the school year，so it's wonderful to have more freedom to do so after tests are over．Instead of reading just lO minutes a day，I enjoy spending 30minutes or more sharing great books with my kids．I recently asked teachers to share their favorite books for the last month of school，andover5Opeople agreed．Class newsletters （通讯）Let the whole class take part in this meaningful writing activity，and everyone will end up with a fantastic record of your school year．Think about all the special events that have happened in the year，and then ask each student to write about one of the events．Choose a few students to put all of the stories into one newspaper．Add photos and pictures about the school year，awards and something like that．To save paper，make the newsletter in digital form（数字版） and e-mail it to parents．Be sure to print one or two copies for students to share in the classroom．24．Which is the best expression for the blank in Paragraph 1？___A．For exampleB．As a resultC．On the other handD．Even so25．According to the passage，what can students write on their own special page？___A．Names，family members and hobbies．B．Names，photos，and other personal skills．C．A letter about the school year and stories．D．Events that have happened in the school year．26．What do you need to do ifyour class wants to make class newsletters？___①Put some photos about the school year on one newspaper．②Let everyone in the class write about the special events in the year．③Ask each student to make a personal page and stick to the newsletter．④Each student should write an introduction about their favorite books．A．①②B．②③C．③④D．①④
The Chinese goverment mobilized resources to construct or designate specialized hospitals exclusively for COVID-19 patients. In the early stage of the pandemic, some city's sports stadium and convention centers have been renovated into____ to treat novel coronavirus infected patients with mild symptoms.A. mobile cabin hospitalsB. Fangcang hospitals
8. (单选题，2.0分) You don't have to () every new word in the dictionary while reading.A. look forB. look upC. look atD. look after
My husband and I were on our way travelling abroad. But my accidental stumble ended the travel before it really started. That’s when my husband became someone I didn’t know: uncaring and insensitive to me. I told him that I heard a snapping sound when I 1. ________and fell. But he, my husband, not only 2. _________ what I said but also contended that it must have been the 3. ______ on my shoes snapping. Therefore, we didn’t know my foot was broken because he didn’t send me to a doctor even though my foot was swollen 4. ______ a balloon. During the 12-hour flight to the airport, he left me alone in the borrowed wheelchair and pretended that he didn’t notice my gestures indicating the need of going to the bathroom. What’s more, later, he even asked me to drive with my left foot, trying not to drive me to my first doctor’s appointment. His egregious behavior caused me to suffer from additional worries and deepened my anxiety. I doubted that his presence may upset me. The unhealthy emotional state, 5. _____ , distress and misery, caused by his awful behavior also 6. ______ me. He always turned a deaf ear to my complaint about his nasty behavior and the distress he imposed on me. Whether I yelled 7. _______ rage or angered in silence, he still behaved the same. Although my foot was broken, my brain was good. My husband is an attorney, so I wrote a 8. _______ complaint in which all his 9. _________ and disgusting behaviors were stated. I also asked for 10. _________ amount of apology and compensation in the complaint. He got what I said and promised to reform. (10.0分)
In the author’ s opinion, the trouble with parents is______.A. they are too watchful of their teenage childrenB. they are too concerned about their children’ s futureC. they fail to treat teenagers with sufficient kindness and respectD. they speak ill of their children within their hearing
A Gap Year(1) (单选题)A.Try a variety of classes.B.Gain some work experience.C.Step away from academic life.D.Know the outcome of their decisions.(2) (单选题)A.Those who have a business.B.Those who know their future goals.C.Those who lack confidence in study.D.Those who have an advanced degree.(3) (单选题)A.When to take a gap year.B.What to do in a gap year.C.How to prepare for a gap year.D.Who should take a gap year.
单选题（2分）The meat is not ready ___ and it ___has to be cooked for another five minutes.A. still... yetB. yet... stillC. yet... already
Directions: In this section, there is one passage. You have to judge the statements true(T) or false(F) after you read each of it. Then write the corresponding letter(T/F)on your Answer Sheet.“Wanted: Violin. Can’t pay much. Call...”Why did I notice that? I wondered, since I rarely look at the classified ads.I laid the paper on my lap and closed my eyes, remembering what had happened many years before...When my older twin sisters began showing an interest in music, Harriet Anne learned to play Grandma’s upright piano, while Suzanne turned to Daddy’s violin. Simple tunes soon became lovely melodies as the twins played more and more. I loved the mellow sound of the firm bow across the strings of the violin. Oh, how I wanted one!It was not a good year. At harvest the crops did not bring as much as we had hoped. Yet even though times were hard, I couldn’t wait any longer to ask: “Daddy, may I have a violin of my own?”“Can’t you use Suzanne’s?”“I’d like to be in the orchestra, too, and we can’t both use the same violin at the same time.”Daddy’s face looked sad. That night I heard him remind God in our family devotions, “... and Lord, Mary wants her own violin.”One day, Daddy made a phone call. Then he asked, “Mary, do you want to go with me to visit Mr. Finkle, a friend of mine?”“Sure,” I answered.He drove to a fine, old house. A tall man opened the door. “Come in!” He and Daddy heartily shook hands, both talking at once.“Mary, I’ve been hearing things about you. Your daddy has arranged a big surprise for you!” Mr. Finkle opened up a case, lifted out a violin and started to play. The melody surged and spoke like waterfalls. Oh, to play like him, I thought.“Carl, I found it in a pawnshop for seven dollars. It’s a good violin. Mary should be able to make beautiful music with it.” Then he handed the violin to me.I noticed the tears in Daddy’s eyes as I took the violin. I touched the violin gently. The wood was a gold brown that seemed to warm in the light. “It’s beautiful,” I said, barely breathing.My heart beat wildly at my first public performance. I felt sure everyone in the audience was watching me. Daddy and Mother smiled proudly at their little girl who held her cherished violin for the whole world to admire.The years seemed to run more swiftly then. My violin made every move with me, and I carefully stored it when we unpacked — briefly remembering how much I still loved it.I forced my thoughts to the present and read again the ad that had transported me back to the childhood memories. I thought of Daddy, who did all he could to fill my needs and desires when I was a little girl. I wondered if I had ever thanked him.I picked up the newspaper, walked to the phone and dialed the number.Later in the day, a man in his 30s knocked on the door. “I’ve been praying someone would answer my ad. My daughter wants a violin so badly,” he said, examining the instrument. “How much are you asking?”Any music store, I knew, would offer me a nice sum. But now I heard my voice answer, “Seven dollars.”“Seven dollars,” I repeated, and then added, “I hope your little girl will enjoy it as much as I did.”I closed the door behind him. Peeking through the window, I saw a young girl ran to him as he held out the violin case to her. She hugged it against her, then snapped open the case. She touched the violin lightly as it caught the glow of the late-afternoon sun, then turned and threw her arms around her smiling father.(1) (判断题)Mary and her sisters all showed interest in music when they were young.正确错误(2) (判断题)Since it was a good year, Mary asked her father to buy a violin for her.正确错误(3) (判断题)Mary’s father agreed to buy her a violin happily and immediately.正确错误(4) (判断题)Mr. Finkle who helped Mary to get the violin was good at playing it.正确错误(5) (判断题)Mary was so happy to get her own violin that she could hardly breathe.正确错误(6) (判断题)Another father in his 30s was eager to get a violin for his daughter.正确错误(7) (判断题)As Mary’s violin was old and worthless, she sold it only for seven dollars.正确错误(8) (判断题)The little girl enjoyed the violin as much as Mary did when she was at that age.正确错误(9) (判断题)Mary’s father looked very sad when she asked him to buy her a violin.正确错误(10) (判断题)Mary didn’t feel very excited at her first public performance.正确错误
Rolls' studies show that______.A. we only need to eat soup at mealsB. we'd better eat soup at first or as the main mealC. we should eat soup as the last courseD. soup is often the most delicious food
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6. The children will now play some pieces of music that they ______ themselves. A.were taught posed C.accomplished D.worked7. While she waited,she tried to ______ her mind with pleasant thoughts of the vacation. A.occupy pose C.think D.intensify8. In the film,the peaceful life of a monk ______ the violent life of a murderer. A.is compared with B.is compared to C.is contrasted to D.is contrasted with9. ______ to pay for an order is simplicity itself. A.Use plastic B.Using plastics C.Using plastic D.Used plastic10. Additional time is required for cooking or ______ homemade dishes. A.chill B.to chill C.chilled D.chilling
We were always encouraged to focus on constructing the most out of the situation ______. A. at hand B. on hand C. in hand D. by hand
Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food (51) it is badly cooked. The way a meal is cooked and served is most important and an (52) served meal will often improve a child’s appetite. Never ask a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never (53) likes and dislikes in front of him or allow anybody else to do so. If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother refuses vegetables in the child’s hearing he is (54) to copy this procedure. Take it (55) granted that he likes everything and he probably will. Nothing healthful should be omitted from the meal because of a (56) dislike. At meal times it is a good idea to give a child a small portion and let him (57) back for a second helping rather than give him as much as he is likely to eat all at once. Do not talk too much to the child (58) meal times, but let him get on with his food, and do not allow him to leave the table immediately after a meal or he will soon learn to swallow his food (59) he can hurry back to his toys. Under (60) circumstances must a child be coaxed or forced to eat.55（）。A. withB. asC. overD. for
26)Could she picture him ___ politics with her father in the drawing-room at her home ?A. discussingB. to discussC. as to discussD. that discusses
The coming of the railways in the 1830s ________ our society and economic life.A. transferredB. transformedC. transportedD. transmitted
Elder and weaker Mr. Mag paid_visits to his old friends.A. scarceB. rare()C. insufficientD. inadequate
Never before in my career _ _ of an assignment A have l frightened B had I frightened C had I been frightened D have I been frightened
23．有一串钥匙在沙发上。Aset of keys _______on the sofa./ There is _________on the sofa.24．问李老师要你的书吧。________Ms. Li ________yourbook!25．请给老赵打电话。_________Old Zhao ______13096935553..26．这条蓝色的裤子是他的吗？Isthis pair of trousers _________?27．我的父母在第一张照片里。_______________are in the first photo.28．谢谢你帮助我。Thankyou for ________________./ Thank you for _____________.29．那个女孩姓王。Thegirl’s __________is Wang./ The girl’s ______________is Wang.30．那只小狗叫什么名字？What’s__________the dog? / What’s ____________name?31．今天玩得开心点！___________today! / Have a good time today!32．这有两张漂亮的她家的全家福。Here_______two nice photos of her family.
The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts. Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation. In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal. It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further. The American negotiator’s role becomes that of an impersonal supplier of information and cash. In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator’s position. Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator. Clearly, perceptions and differences in values affect the outcomes of negotiations and the success of negotiators. For Americans to play a more effective role in international business negotiations, they must put forth more effort to improve cross-cultural understanding. [共5题](1)What kind of manager is needed in present international business and foreign investment? [本题2分]A. The man who represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation. B. The man with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. C. The man who is wealthy and impersonal. D. The man who can negotiate with his foreign counterparts.
Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form where necessary.Each word can be used only once. budget defy dilemma diverseloyalty manipulate objectivePerspective tackle urge （1）The ____ of the "upright"message is to ask people to save，while the "permissive"message asks people to spend.（2）If you find yourself in a（n） ____ about what is the right decision for your career，speak to a career counselor.（3）It is important for parents to listen to their children's opinion because they may have a very different ____ on the things they've seen.（4）To cater for the different tastes of athletes from all over the world，the organizers of the Beijing Winter Olympics prepared ____ dishes.（5）If you want to save money for a rainy day making a（n） ____ is the first step you may want to take because it gives you a clear plan.（6）The Chinese legend goes that Yue Fei's mother tattooed four Chinese characters on his back to remind him of the importance of ____ to the nation.（7）When children are addicted to online games，they would often ____ their parents and stay online for hours every day.（8）The report goes on to ____ the technicians to take a more active role in developing the standards of artificial intelligence.
In some families,new adults and kids seem to slip in effortlessly, ____ they have been there all along.A. whileB. thoughC. becauseD. as though
If you_________in a job for several years, you may be able to accumulate a lot of work experience and skills that would be beneficial to your future career development.A. have workedB. had workedC. have been workingD. had been working
The Harry Potter series, written by J.K. Rowling, is perhaps the most popular set of novels of the modern era. With seven books and many successful films to its name, the series has gathered about 15 billion dollars in sales. How did the series become so popular? The reason can be broken down into several areas.The first book in the series was rejected 12 times before it was picked up by Bloomsbury—a small publisher in England. So receiving this contract was Rowling's first step to success. However, getting a book contract does not ensure the success of a book. The story was soon loved by children and adults alike. In light of this, Bloomsbury Publishing published a second version of the books with “adult” (less colorful and more boring) book covers. This made it easier for a full range of ages to enjoy the series.Another factor that worked like a charm was that the publisher and Rowling herself, through the books, conducted midnight releases, promotions, and pre-ordering more readers. Customers who feared that their local bookstore would run out of copies responded by pre-ordering over 700,000 copies before the July 8, 2000 release.What does the underlined word “releases” (Para. 3) mean?A. The activity that frees or expresses energy or emotion.B. The announcement about the book’s publishing information.C. The sales of books that is available only at midnight.
1.A:Here is my business card.-|||-B: __-|||-A.Yes,the heat is killing me. B.Wonderful.Is it between-|||-school teams?-|||-C.Thank you for the nice party D.Thanks.This is mine.-|||-2.Alice:Is there any typical Chinese festival you celebrate every year?-|||-Bob: __-|||-A.Yes,the heat is killing me. B. I bet it will.-|||-C.It`s so stuffy and no wind at all. D.Yes,there are many.The-|||-Dragon Boat Festival is one of them.
Responsibilities ______becoming a father.A. charge forB. go withC. save forD. go through
Whenever I have trouble ( ) many problems, I ask Jack for help.A. dealing withB. to deal withC. on dealing withD. deal with
Dreams can be a rich source of ___________ for an artist. (inspire)
These drugs are available over-the-counter without a(n)__________. （）A. infectionB. dosageC. prescription
Americans experience more food recalls (召回) today than they did five years ago, especially when it comes to meat and poultry (家禽). Meat and poultry recalls increased by two-thirds from 2013 to 2018, while food recalls overall went up 10%, according to the report recently published by the U.S. Public Interest Research Group.Meanwhile, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates (估计) 48 million people get sick, 128,000 are hospitalized and 3,000 die from food-borne disease each year in the U.S. "We are looking for the farm-to-fork preventative solutions," said Adam Garber, the research group's consumer watchdog. "By doing that, we can protect people's health."Over the five-year period, poultry posted the most recalls (168), followed by beef (137) and pork (128). The report shows the most serious meat recalls are on the rise. Among meat and poultry, the number of Class I recalls has increased by 83%, nearly doubling. Class I, the most serious of the recalls, is issued when there is a reasonable probability that the food will cause health problems or death.53. When would Class I recalls be issued?A. When the food is likely to cause health problems or death.B. When there are too many complaints from customers.C. When the food problem lasts for five years.D. When the product quality is below standard.