In 1905, Albert Einstein developed the theory of special relativity. He also proved that atoms exist and figured out that light behaves as both a particle and a wave. To top it all off, he developed his famous equation E=mcc, which describes the relationship between matter and energy, the same year. He was only 26 years old. Without a doubt, Einstein was a genius. So was Isaac Newton-as any fan of "Star Trek". The Next Generation can say he invented physics. He also played a big role in the development of calculus, which some people have trouble comprehending even after extensive classroom study. Another genius, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, started composing music when he was 5 years old. Mozart wrote hundreds of pieces before his death in 1760 at age 35. According to conventional wisdom, geniuses are different from everyone else. They can think faster and better than other people, In addition, many people think that all that extra brainpower leads to eccentric or quirky behavior. And although geniuses are fairly easy to spot, defining exactly what makes one person a genius is a little trickier. Figuring out how that person became a genius is harder still. There are two big things that make it difficult to study genius: The genius label is subjective. Some people insist that anyone with an intelligence quotient (IQ) higher than a certain value is a genius. Others feel that IQ tests measure only a limited part of a person’s total intelligence. Some believe high test scores have little to do with real genius. Genius is a big-picture concept. Most scientific and medical inquiries, on the other band, examine de tails. A concept as subjective as genius isn’t easy to quantify, analyze or study. So, when exploring how geniuses work, it’s a good idea to start by defining precisely what a genius is. For the purpose of this article, a genius isn’t simply someone with an exceptionally high IQ. Instead, a genius is an extraordinarily intelligent person who breaks new ground with discoveries, inventions or works of art. Usually, a genius’ work changes the way people view the world or the field in which the work took place. In other words, a genius must be both intelligent and able to use that intelligence in a productive or impressive way. The brain regulates the body’s organ systems. When a person moves around, it sends impulses along the nerves and tells the muscles what to do. The brain controls the senses of smell, taste, touch, sight and hearing, and the person experiences and processes emotions using his brain, On top of all that, the brain allows people to think, analyze information and solve problems. But how does it make someone smart Scientists haven’t figured out exactly how all the gray matter in the brain works, but they do have an idea of which part lets people think. The cerebral cortex (大脑皮层), which is the outermost part of the brain, is where thought and reasoning happen. These are the brain’s higher function-- the lower functions, which relate to basic survival, take place deeper in the brain. The cerebral cortex is the largest part of the brain, and it’s full of wrinkles and folds that allow it to fit in the skull. If an adult human’s cerebral cortex is removed and stretched out, it would be about as large as a few pages of a newspaper. It’s divided into several lobes(裂片), and different regions within these lobes handle specific tasks related to how people think. In spite of all those challenges to see the brain inside and how it works, researchers have figured out a few things about how the brain affects intelligence. A 2004 study at the University of California, Irvine found that the volume of gray matter in parts of the cerebral cortex had a greater impact on intelligence than the brain’s total volume. The findings suggest that the physical attributes of many parts of the brain--rather than a centralized "intelligence center" --determine how smart a person is. Like genius, intelligence can be difficult to quantify. Psychologists and neuroscientists study intelligence extensively. An entire field of study, known as psychometrics, is devoted to studying and measuring intelligence. But even within that field, experts don’t always agree on exactly what it is or how best to analyze it. And while intelligence is central to genius, not all geniuses score well on intelligence tests or perform well in school. Intelligence testing has existed for thousands of years. The tests we know as IQ tests got their start near the end of the 19th century. Today, IQ tests generally measure a person’s memory as well as language, spatial and mathematical abilities. IQ tests are also standardized so that most people score between 90 and 110. When placed on a graph, the IQ test scores of a large group of people will generally resemble a bell curve, with most people scoring in the average range. A common perception is that anyone scoring above a certain number--often 140--is automatically a genius. But in spite of the existence of high-IQ organizations, many scientists caution that there is no such thing as a genius-level IQ. Many educators and researchers feel that, in general, standardized IQ tests do a good job of predicting how well a child will perform in school. Schools often use these tests to determine which children to place in gifted or special education classes. Most colleges and universities and some employers also use standardized tests as part of their application processes. One of the stereotypes surrounding gifted children is that they have trouble fitting in at school. Several scientific studies suggest that the stereotype has a foundation in reality. A Purdue University study of 423 gifted students suggested that they were susceptible to bullying. A 20-year study of gifted children ending in 1940 suggested that the trend of not fitting in continues into adulthood. The study used a test that measured both verbal intelligence and personal adjustment. People who scored above 140 in verbal intelligence generally had lower personal adjustment scores. However, in spite of their prevalence, these tests are not foolproof. In general, some minorities and people with lower income levels tend to score lower than people from other racial and economic groups. Critics contend that this makes IQ tests invalid or unfair. Others argue that they instead point out unfair ness and prejudice within a society. In addition, some researchers and theorists argue that the IQ test is too limiting and doesn’t really give a full view of a person’s intelligence. These researchers feel that intelligence is a combination of many factors. Geniuses like Einstein are also known for their creativity and productivity--and sometimes for their quirky behavior. There’s a big difference between being really smart and being a genius. While geniuses tend to be exceptionally intelligent, they also use imagination and creativity to invent, discover or create something new within their field of interest. They break now ground rather than simply remembering or reciting existing information. The creativity of geniuses also relates to productivity and hard work. Sometimes, the most dramatic examples of genius involve people who produce their best work at a very young age. However, not every genius produces exceptional work early in life the way Einstein and Mozart did. Some, like Ludwig yon Beethoven, do their best work later in life. We may never know precisely where creativity comes from, why some people use their creativity more than others or why some people are most creative during specific times in their lives. We may not learn how one person ends up with the right balance of brainpower, intelligence and creativity to become a genius. But it’s clear that geniuses are central to advancements in science, technology and understanding. Without geniuses, our understanding of mathematics, literature and music would be completely different. Concepts that we now take for granted, like gravity, planetary orbits and black holes, might still be undiscovered.The genius mentioned here is someone not only with a high IQ but also ______. A．has done something of great influenceB．started his/her career at a young ageC．has eccentric behaviorD．has odd appearance

The human brain contains 10 thousand million cells and each of these may have a thousand connections． Such enormous numbers used to discourage us and cause us to dismiss the possibility of making a machine with human -like ability， but now that we have grown used to moving forward at such a pace we can be less sure． Quite soon， in only 10 or 20 years perhaps， we will be able to assemble a machine as complex as the human brain， and if we can we will． It may then take us a long time to render （致使；提出；实施）it intelligent by loading in the right software or by changing the architecture but that too will happen．I think it certain that in decades， not centuries， machines of silicon （硅）will arise first to compete and then exceed （超越）their human ancestors． Once they exceed us they will be capable of their own design． In a real sense they will be able to reproduce themselves． Silicon will have ended carbon's long control． And we will no longer be able to claim ourselves to be the finest intelligence in the known universe．As the intelligence of robots increases to match that of humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers（边界）， first on earth through their ability to resist environments， harmful to ourselves． Thus， deserts may bloom and the ocean beds be mined． Further ahead， by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide， the construction of a vast， man-created world in space， home to thousands or millions of people， will be within our power．32．What does the writer think about machines with human-like ability？ ____ A． He believes they will be useful to human beings．B． He believes that they will control us in the future．C． He is not quite sure in what way they may influence us．D． He doesn't consider the construction of such machines possible．33．The word "carbon" （Line 3， Para.2）stands for ____ ．A． intelligent robots B． a chemical element C． an organic substance D． human beings34．A robot can be used to expand our frontiers when ____ ．A． it is made as complex as the human brainB． it is able to bear the rough environmentC． its intelligence and cost are without doubt．D． its architecture is different from that of the present ones35．It can be inferred from the passage that ____ ．A． after the installation of a great number of cells and connections， robots will be capable of self-reproductionB． with the rapid development of technology， people have come to realize the possibility of making a machine with human-like abilityC． once we make a machine as complex as the human brain， it will posses intelligenceD． robots will have control of the vast， man-made world in space

合同条款中装运时间较为适宜的有(）A. Shipment on Dec.31, 2018B. Shipment before the end of Dec., 2018C. Shipment within 30days after receipt of L/CD. Shipment during

1.The radio signals discussed in this passage _____.A. were regularB. were controlled by a clockC. were heard in 1967 onlyD. were secret messages2.The scientists did not tell people about the signals because _____.A. the signals stood for secret messagesB. people might be frightenedC. the signals stood for unimportant messagesD. people would ask them too many questions3.A pulsar _____.A. is a well-known satellite.B. is a small and light star.C. has intelligent beings that were known at that timeD. is a small heavy star sending out strong radio signals4.Which of the following is TRUE?A. The radio signals were sent by a sky body which was known at that time.B. Scientists have searched for pulsars for many years but found none.C. Chinese researchers have discovered six pulsars using FAST.D. Now is the new era of Chinese space discovery with perfect FAST.

e a thousand connections .Such large number-|||-s used to discourage us and cause us to dism-|||-iss the possibility of making a machine wit-|||-h human-like ability,but now that we have gr-|||-own used to moving forward at such a pace w-|||-e can be less sure.Quite soon ,maybe in onl-|||-y10or 20years perhaps,we will be able to cre-|||-ate a machine as complex as the human brai-|||-n,and if we can we will ,It may then tak-|||-e us a long time to make it intelligent by loa-|||-ding in the right software or by changing th-|||-e architecture but that too will happen .-|||-As the intelligence of robots increases to riva-|||-l that of humans and as their cost declines t-|||-hrough cconomies of scale,we may use the-|||-m to expand our frontiers(前沿),first on e-|||-arth through their ability to remain unharme-|||-d in the environments which are harmful to u-|||-s,Thus,deserts may bloom and the ocean b-|||-eds may be mined .Further ahead,by a combi-|||-nation of the great wealth this new age will b-|||-ring and the technology it will provide,the co-|||-nstruction of a vast , man-created world in sp-|||-ace,home to thousands or millions of peopl-|||-e,will be within our power.-|||-28.In what way can we make a machine inte-|||-lligent? __-|||-A.By collecting its 10 thousand million cell-|||-s-|||-B.By working hard for 10 or 20 years .-|||-C.By properly programming it or changing it-|||-s structure.-|||-D.By moving forward at a pace as fast a-|||-s possible .-|||-29.The underlined word"rival"means" __-|||-_".-|||-A.confirm B.anchor C.betray D.match-|||-30.What does the writer think about machine-|||-s with human-like ability?-|||-A.He believes they will be useful to human b-|||-eings.-|||-B.He believes that they will control us in th-|||-e future.-|||-C.He is not quite sure in what way they ma-|||-y influence us.-|||-D.He doesn't consider the construction of suc-|||-h machines possible.-|||-31.What can be the best title of the article?-|||-__-|||-A.What is the future world like?-|||-B.Will future machines replace humans?-|||-C.Future intelligent machines for humans-|||-D.Future intelligent machines out of contro-|||-l.

The old couple live ______ their nursery garden.A. ontoB. intoC. offD. over

The library is open every day except Sunday from half past eight in the morning till five in the afternoon.A. 除了在星期日，图书馆上午八点半起至下午五点止开放外，其余时候全天开放。B. 除了星期日以外，图书馆每天上午八点半起至下午五点钟打开。C. 除了星期日以外，图书馆每天上午八点半起至下午五点钟开放。D. 包括星期日在内，图书馆每天上午八点半起至下午五点钟开放。

英语翻译please translate the following sentences into english.1.有时候年轻人会抱怨无法和父母沟通.2.玛丽从小就盼望能在***云南的一个村庄住上几年,现在终于梦想成真了.3.家养的动物习惯于依赖人,因此很难在野外继续生存.4.我想它很快就会回来,因为他答应和我一起吃饭.5.尽管我承认问题存在,但我并不认为这些问题不能解决.6.思想是通过语言来表达的.7.这位老太太确信,今天她儿子会回家来为她庆祝生日的.8.他妈妈坚持说他每月的零用钱不能超过100元.9.上个月我们买了一辆车,是用我的名字登记的.10.从信封的颜色来看,这封信可能来自一位女性.11.乔治对***文化着了迷,决定去一所夜校学习中文.12.经过两个月的不懈努力,***终于在一个南方城市找到了罪犯的踪迹.13.两家公司已经原则上达成协议实施这项计划.14.如果你们产品的质量没有实质性的提高,我认为你们在市场上不会有什么竞争力.15.知道原理是一回事,要付诸实践又是另外一回事.16.他有极强的责任感,这是为什么他被选中掌管这个项目.17.事实上,室内空气质量与儿童的健康密切相关,当然与成人的健康也有关系.18.我一直梦想着朋友遍天下.多亏了网络,我的梦想终于实现了.19.大学毕业才一年,他从一个追求梦想的年轻人变成了一个凡事都无所谓的庸人.20.我已经获准了进入那个地区采访,这可不是人人都能得到的机会.

Ex. 8 Translate the following sentences into English.1. 年轻人有时会抱怨无法和父母沟通。2. 能在中国云南的一个苗家村落住下来一直是玛丽很久以来的梦想，现在她终于梦想成真了。3. 他突然有种恐惧感，觉得自己会因为经济不景气而被公司裁员。4.我估计公交路线上堵车了，因为我都等了30分钟也没见一辆车开过去。

E-book Price Increase May Stir Readers’ Passions In the battle over the pricing of electronic books, publishers appear to have won the first round. The price of many new releases and best sellers is about to go up, to as much as 14.99 from 9.99. But there may be an insurgency(暴动)waiting to jump: e-book buyers. Over the last year, the eagerest readers of e-books have shown a reflexive hostility to prices higher than the 9.99 set by online retailers for popular titles. When digital editions have cost more, or have been delayed until after the release of hardcover versions, these unpleasant readers have organized boycotts at once and gone to the websites to leave one-star ratings and negative comments for those books and their authors. "This book has been on the shelves for three weeks and is already in the remainder bins," wrote Wayne Fogel of The Villages, Fla., when he left a one-star review of Catherine Coulter’s book "KnockOut" online. " 14.82 for the Kindle version is unbelievable. Some listings online retailers should refuse when the authors are trying to rip off their customers." The angry commenters on online message boards could just be a vocal minority. But now, with e-books scheduled to cost 12.99 to 14.99 under new deals that publishers negotiated with the online retailers, a broader type of customers may resist the new pricing. The higher prices will go into effect within the next few months. Predicting the behavior of consumers is always tricky. In the case of e-books, publishers are hoping that a vast majority of people who have not yet tried e-reading devices will not have any expectation of the low pricing now available from the Internet. They argue that new e-book shoppers will welcome the chance to buy digital editions at a level significantly lower than the typical price tag on a hardcover book. "With the handheld computer, the whole notion of e-book reading is probably going to become way more mainstream than it ever has,"said Harvey Chute, who runs KindleBoards, a popular discussion forum for readers of electronic books. "And a majority of people may be coming to it new, and may only see that they are getting 7 off the price they would see at a bookstore." But some e-book buyers say that since publishers do not have to pay to print, store or distribute e-books, they should be much cheaper than print books. "I just don’t want to be extorted (敲诈) ," said Joshua Levitsky, a computer technician and Kindle owner in New York. "I want to pay what it’s worth. If it costs them nothing to print the paper book, which I can’t believe, then they should be the same price. But I just don’t see how it can be the same price." Just what e-books are worth is a matter of debate. Publishers argue that printing and distribution represents a small proportion of the total cost of making a book. "There are people who don’t always understand what goes into an author writing and an editor editing and a publishing house with hundreds of men and women working on these books, "said Mark Gompertz, executive vice president of digital publishing at Simon Schuster. "If you want something that has no quality to it, fine, but we’re out to bring out things of quality, regardless of what type of book it is." To consumers who do not pay much attention to the economics of publishing, though, such arguments are trumped by the fact that e-books have been available for 9.99 for more than a year. "As far as I’m concerned, some online retailers have committed to the 9.99 price," said Wilma Sanders, a 70- year-old retiree who has homes in Plymouth, Mass., and Marco Island, Fla. She said that if e-book prices rose, she would stop buying. "I’m still a library-goer. There are enough good books out there that I don’t need to pay more than I want to. I already can’t keep up with what I have." Authors have been shocked by some of the violence of the reader protests. "The sense of entitlement of the American consumer is absolutely astonishing," said Douglas Preston, whose novel "Impact" reached as high as No. 4 on the hardcover fiction best-seller list earlier this month. "It’s the Wal-Mart mentality, which in my view is very unhealthy for our country. It’s this notion of not wanting to pay the real price of something." Some online commenters attacked Mr. Preston after his publisher delayed the e-book version of his novel by four months to protect hardcover sales. Mr. Preston said he was not sure whether the protests were influencing his sales. But, he said, "It gives me pause when I get 50 e-mails saying ’ I’m never buying one of your books ever again. I’m moving on, you greedy, greedy author. ’" One reason consumers may be sensitive to pricing is that they have so many other types of entertainment to occupy their time. "Entertainment and media companies keep forgetting that consumers have a choice. They can decide not to buy the book at all," said David Pakman, a venture capitalist and former chief executive of the digital music store eMusic. "They can play a video game, use an iPod Touch." He added: "If you don’t get the price tag right and make it convenient, they just go elsewhere." John Wagoner, a 68-year-old accountant and Kindle owner in Piano, Tex., said that if e-book prices went much higher than 13 he would simply commit his time and dollars to other activities. "They’re just books," said Mr. Wagoner, who left an angry one-star review for Mr. Preston’s novel. "I do other things other than reading." Some analysts say that if consumers balk at (犹豫不前)price increases, piracy could grow rapidly. Joel Waldfogel, a professor of business and public policy at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, saw a comparison with movies, a business where he has studied digital piracy rates. With movies, he said, piracy tends to displace paid consumption. "The real cost of consuming a movie is the two hours of undivided attention you spend," Mr. Waldfogel said. "If people are able to steal a bunch more, they will purchase less, simply because there isn’t time to do all of it." Similarly, with books, he said, "I would be scared to death about a culture of piracy taking hold. I wouldn’t mess around with price increases." Publishers say price levels are not settled by any means and that now, having reached agreements where publishers ― rather than retailers ― set consumer prices, they have an opportunity to test different situations. "We may introduce a book at 14.95 for a year and then move the book to 9.99 when we would have put out the trade paperback edition," said Dominique Raccah, chief executive of Sourcebooks, an independent publisher. "I suspect you’re going to see a fair amount of experimentation." Some e-book buyers are not interested in experiments. Mr. Fogel, who left the one-star review of the Kindle edition of Ms. Coulter’s novel, said he would not pay more than 9.99 for a book. "There are too many very, very good books I haven’t gotten around to reading yet," said Mr. Fogel, a 68-year- old retired management consultant. He added that publishers were likely to see "supply and demand turn back on them". "I think there’s going to be a general resentment of higher prices", he said.What did Douglas Preston think is unhealthy for the country A．Disrespect of the true value of fine works.B．Cheap products consumption tendency.C．Increased bargaining power of the customers.D．Cheap products strategy of the retailers.