Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children，researchers have suggested.The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana，where each child is cared for by many adults.Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and"baby-wearing"，in which infants are carried in slings，is considered the common practice. According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary，an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University，these practices，known as alloparenting，could lead to less anxiety for children and parents. Dr Annie Swanepoel，a child doctor，believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life.In Germany，one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery.The residents help to look after the children，an arrangement parallel to alloparenting.Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years，to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities. In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry，researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history.This sudden shift to an"intensive mothering narrative"，which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone，was likely to have been harmful."Such narratives can lead to mothers' exhaustion and have dangerous consequences， "they wrote. By contrast，in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care.One previous study looked at the Efé people of the Democratic Republic of Congo.It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old，and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour. Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans' evolutionary history，but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and depression，which could have a"knock-on"benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant born to a huntel-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers---this contrasts sharply to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three. While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups，researchers said that western"instructive teaching"，where pupils are asked to sit still，may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents"might also enhance their own social development." （1）According to the first two paragraphs，alloparenting refers to the practice of ____ .A.having childcare among community members.B.assigning babies to specific adult caregivers.C.teaching parenting skills to older children.D.carrying infants around by their parents.（2）The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate ____ .A.an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication.B.an approach to integrating alloparenting into western society.C.the conventional parenting style in western culture.D.the differences between western and African ways of living.（3）According to Paragraph 4，what impact does the"intensive mothering narrative"have？ ____ A.It reduces parenting pressure.B.It enhances family relationships.C.It results in the child-centered family.D.It departs from the course of evolution.（4）According to Paragraph 6，what can we learn about the nurseries in the UK？ ____ A.They tend to fall short of official requirements.B.They have difficulty finding good caregivers.C.They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.D.They should try to prevent parental depression.（5）Which of the following would be the best title for the text？ ____ A.Instructive Teaching：A Plan for Anxious ParentsB.For a Happier Family，Learn from the Hunter-gatherersC.Mixed-age Playgroup，a Better Choice for Lonely ChildrenD.Tracing the History of Parenting：from Africa to Europe

----I wonder if I could use your computer tonight?---- ______I'm not using it right now.A. Sure, here you are.B. I don't know.C. lt doesn't matter.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. You should limit your mobile phone calls to personal affairs.B. You should speak quietly into your phone while in a church.C. You are supposed to turn off your mobile phone at a funeral.D. You are supposed to use your mobile phone as much as possible.

Concerning money or anything else, conflicts between husband and wife usually reflect a power struggle. Conflicts between parent and child often center around the same issue. As children enter adolescence, they begin to demand greater freedom to go where they please, do what they please, and make decisions without parental interference. Many American parents do not know how to deal with their teenagers and seek advice from books, lectures, and parent-training courses. Parents want to maintain a friendly relationship with their teenagers and also want to guide them so that their behavior will be whatever the parents consider proper and constructive. But in a society of rapidly changing social and moral values, parents and children often disagree about what is important and what is right. Arguments may concern such unimportant matters as styles of dress or hairdos. But quarrels may also concern school work, after school jobs, decisions, use of the family car, dating, and sexual behavior. Some families have serious problems with teenagers who drop out of school, run away from home, or use illegal drugs. Because so much publicity is given to the problem teenager, one gets the impression that all teenagers are troublemakers. Actually, relatively few adolescents do anything wrong, and nearly all grow up into "solid citizens" who fulfill most of their parents’ expectations. In fact, recent studies show that the "generation gap" is narrowing. The vast majority of teenagers share most of their parents’ values and ideas. Many parents feel that they get along with their adolescents quite well.According to the writer, conflicts between husband and wife usually reflect () A. feelings of hatredB. power struggleC. that they don’t care for each otherD. that they may appeal to divorce

Part ADirections:Reading the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], C. or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.   The Supreme Court´s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.   The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer´s purchase to a state where the business didn´t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn´t have to collect sales tax for the state.Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren´t charged it, but most didn´t realize they owed it and few paid.   Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed.“Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices.Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states´ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”   The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already.Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn´t before.Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to.Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don´t have to.   Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states.Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven´t been collecting sales tax nationwide.Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state´s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.   Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses.The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones.Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws.The Small Business Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."第36题The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business’ revolutions with states B. put most online business in a dilemma C. make more online shoppers pay sales tax D. force some states to cut sales tax E. 参考答案: C 您的答案: 未作答

By the time you arrive in London, we______ in Europe for two weeks.()A. shall stayB. will have stayedC. have stayedD. have been staying

An effective leader sets the tone for the team, encourages a positive workplace culture, and is able to ______ cultural change.A. bring aboutB. bring downC. bring up

We've already discussed the subject _ in previous meetings.A. at lengthB. with lengthC. in lengthD. upon length

As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and (31) the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly thrown forward. At that moment, the air-hostess (32) . She looked very pale, but was quite (33) . Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she (34) everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines or at least how to drive a car. After a moment’s (35) , a man got up and followed the hostess into the pilot’s cabin. Moving the pilot aside, the man took his seat and listened carefully to the urgent instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport below. The plane was now dangerously close (36) the ground, but to everyone’s relief, it soon began to climb. The man had to (37) the airport several times in order to become (38) with the controls. Therefore the danger had not yet passed. The terrible (39) came when he had to land. Following information, the man guided the plane toward the airfield. It shook violently (40) it touched the ground and then moved rapidly along the runway and after a long run it stopped safely. A．intimateB．familiarC．understoodD．close

BDo you know how to use a mobile phone without being rude to the people around you? Talking during a performance irritates (激怒) people. If you are expecting an emergency call, sit near the exit doors and set your phone to vibrate (振动). When your mobile phone vibrates, you can leave quietly and let the others enjoy the performance.Think twice before using mobile phones in elevators, museums, churches or other indoor public places—especially enclosed spaces. Would you want to listen to someone's conversation in these places? Worse yet, how would you feel if a mobile phone rang suddenly during a funeral! It happens more often than you think. Avoid these embarrassing situations by making sure your mobile phone is switched off.When eating at a restaurant with friends, don't place your mobile phone on the table. This conveys the message that your phone calls are more important than those around you.Mobile phones have sensitive microphones that allow you to speak at the volume you would on a regular phone. This enables you to speak quietly so that others won't hear the details of your conversations. If you are calling from a noisy area, use your hand to direct your voice into the microphone.Many people believe that they can't live without their mobile phone. Owning a mobile phone definitely makes life more convenient, but limit your conversations to urgent ones and save the personal calls until you are at home.What should you do when you need to answer a phone call during a performance? A.Call back after the performance.B.Answer it near the exit door.C.Talk outside the exit door.D.Speak in a low voice.Putting your mobile phone on a restaurant table may make your friends think .A.you prefer to talk to your friends at the tableB.you value your calls more than your friendsC.you are enjoying the company of your friendsD.you are polite and considerate of your friendsWhen you are calling in a noisy area, you are advised to .A.use a more sensitive microphoneB.shout loudly into your microphoneC.go away quietly to continue the phone callD.use your hand to help speak into the phoneThe author implies that the use of mobile phones in such places as museums should be .A.limitedB.expectedC.encouragedD.recommended