For years now, calories have been all the rage―people are counting them and cutting them, and you’d be hard-pressed to find something at the supermarket that does not list its calories per serving somewhere on the package. But have you ever wondered what exactly a calorie isThrough which way does the enzymes break the proteins into amino acids A) Transportation of the molecules. C) Metabolic processes. B) Consumption of the calories. D) The final stage of metabolism. A calorie is a unit of energy. We tend to associate calories with food, but they apply to anything containing energy. For example, a gallon (about 4 liters) of gasoline contains about 31,000,000 calories.Specifically, a calorie is the amount of energy, or heat, it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit). One calorie is equal to 4.184 joules (焦耳), a common unit of energy used in the physical sciences. Most of us think of calories in relation to food, as in "This can of soda has 200 calories." It turns out that the calories on a food package are actually kilocalories (1,000 calories=1 kilocalorie). The word is sometimes capitalized to show the difference, but usually not. A food calorie contains 4,184 joules. A can of soda containing 200 food calories contains 200,000 regular calories, or 200 kilocalories. A gallon of gasoline contains 31,000 kilocalories.The same applies to exercise―when a fitness chart says you burn about 100 calories for every mile you jog, it means 100 kilocalories. For the duration of this article, when we say "calorie", we mean "kilocalorie"Human beings need energy to survive―to breathe, move, pump blood―and they acquire this energy from food.The number of calories in a food is a measure of how-much potential energy that food possesses. A gram of carbohydrates(碳水化合物) has 4 calories, a gram of protein has 4 calories, and a gram of fat has 9 calories. Foods are a compilation of these three building blocks. So if you know how many carbohydrates, fats and proteins are in any given food, you know how many calories, or how much energy, that food contains.If we look at the nutritional label on the back of a packet of maple-and-brown-sugar oatmeal, we find that it has 160 calories. This means that if we were to pour this oatmeal into a dish, set the oatmeal on fire and get it to burn completely (which is actually pretty tricky), the reaction would produce 160 kilocalories (remember: food calories are kilocalories)―enough energy to raise the temperature of 160 kilograms of water 1 degree Celsius.If we look closer at the nutritional label, we see that our oatmeal has 2 grams of fat, 4 grams of protein and 32 grams of carbohydrates, producing a total of 162 calories (apparently, food manufacturers like to round down). Of these 162 calories, 18 come from fat (9 cal×2g), 16 come from protein (4 cal×4g) and 128 come from carbohydrates (4 cal×32g).Our bodies "burn" the calories in the oatmeal through metabolic (新陈代谢的) processes, by which enzymes (酵素) break the carbohydrates into glucose (葡萄糖) and other sugars, the fats into glycerol (丙三醇) and fatty acids and the proteins into amino acids (氨基酸). These molecules are then transported through the bloodstream to the cells, where they are either absorbed for immediate use or sent on to the final stage of metabolism in which they are reacted with oxygen to release their stored energy.Just how many calories do our cells need to function well The number is different for every person. You may notice on the nutritional labels of the foods you buy that the "percent daily values" are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. 2,000 calories is a rough average of what a person needs to eat in a day, but your body might need more or less than 2,000 calories. Height, weight, gender, age and activity level all affect your caloric needs.There are several factors that regulate how many calories we need each day. Some of these considerations are your metabolic rate (新陈代谢率), physical activity level and thermic (热的) effect of food, sleep patterns, age, gender, body mass and body size.To determine your caloric intake value for building mass, multiply your body weight by 24, while multiplying your body weight by 17 to determine your approximate maintenance level caloric intake.The main function of carbohydrates is to be a source of energy for the body. In the end, energy drawn from the breakdown of glucose and glycogen (肝糖) is used to fuel muscular contractions as well as provide a "protein sparing" effect.Unlike the other macro-nutrients, proteins contain nitrogen (氮) which is important in the formation of new muscle tissue. The human body requires 22 different amino acids, which are found in protein, and can be classified as either essential or non-essential.Essential amino acids can’t be synthesized in the body, while non-essential amino acids can be. Under normal conditions, protein serves an important’ role in the maintenance, repair, and growth of body tissues.Proteins make up about 15% of your total body mass and have several roles in the body. Proteins also regulate the acid/base quality of body fluids and are necessary for muscle contractions, hormone production, and the activation of metabolic processes.In the human body, fat provides the largest store of potential energy, produces hormones, strengthens cell structures, transmits nerve impulses and provides insulation (绝热) from cold environments. Fats actually contribute to about 50% of the energy required during light and moderate exercise, and this percentage rises as the work period is prolonged.So what happens if you take in more or fewer calories than your body bums You either gain or lose fat, respectively. An accumulation of 3,500 extra calories is stored by your body as 1 pound of fat―fat is the body’s way of saving energy for a rainy day. If, on the other hand, you bum 3,500 more calories than you eat, whether by exercising more or eating less, your body converts 1 pound of its stored fat into energy to make up for the deficit.One thing about exercise is that it raises your metabolic rate not only while you’re huffing and puffing (忙得喘不过气来) on the treadmill (踏车). Your metabolism takes a while to return to its normal pace. It continues to function at a higher level; your body bums an increased number of calories for about two hours after you’ve stopped exercising.Lots of people wonder if it matters where their calories come from. At its most basic, if we eat exactly the number of calories that we bum and if we’re only talking about weight, the answer is no a calorie is a calorie. A protein calorie is not different from a fat calorie―they are simply units of energy. As long as you bum what you eat, you will maintain your weight; and as long as you bum more than you eat, you’ll lose weight.But if we’re talking nutrition, it definitely matters where those calories originate. Carbohydrates and proteins are healthier sources of calories than fats. Although our bodies do need a certain amount of fat to function properly―an adequate supply of fat allows your body to absorb the vitamins you ingest―an excess of fat can have serious health consequences.

entero-（ ）A. colonB. duodenumC. jejunumD. interine

Across the board, American colleges and universities are not doing a very good job of preparing their students for the workplace or their post-graduation lives. This was made clear by the work of two sociologists, Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa. In 2011 they released a landmark study titled "Academically Adrift," which documented the lack of intellectual growth experienced by many people enrolled in college. In particular, Arum and Roksa found, college students were not developing the critical thinking, analytic reasoning and other higher-level skills that are necessary to thrive in today's knowledge-based economy and to lead our nation in a time of complex challenges and dynamic change.Arum and Roksa placed the blame for students' lack of learning on a watered-down college curriculum and lowered undergraduate work standards. Although going to college is supposed to be a full-time job, students spent, on average, only 12 to 14 hours a week studying and many were skating through their semesters without doing a significant amount of reading and writing. Students who take more challenging classes and spend more time studying do learn more. But the priorities of many undergraduates are with extracurricular activities, playing sports, and partying and socializing.Laura Hamilton, the author of a study on parents who pay for college, will argue in a forthcoming book that college administrations are overly concerned with the social and athletic activities of their students. In Paying for the Party, Hamilton describes what she calls the "arty pathway", which eases many students through college, helped along by various clubs that send students into the party scene and a host of easier majors. By sanctioning this watered-down version of college, universities are "catering to the social and educational needs of wealthy students at the expense of others" who won't enjoy the financial backing or social connections of richer students once they graduate.These students need to build skills and knowledge during college if they are to use their degrees as a stepping-stone to middle-class mobility. But more privileged students must not waste this opportunity either. As recent graduates can testify, the job market isn't kind to candidates who can't demonstrate genuine competence, along with a well-cultivated willingness to work hard. Nor is the global economy forgiving of an American workforce with increasingly weak literacy, math and science abilities. College graduates will still fare better than those with only a high school education, of course. But a university degree unaccompanied by a gain in knowledge or skills is an empty achievement indeed. For students who have been coasting through college, and for American universities that have been demanding less work, offering more attractions and charging higher tuition, the party may soon be over.(1)What is Arum and Roksa's finding about higher education in America? A.It aims at stimulating the intellectual curiosity of college students.B.It fails to prepare students to face the challenges of modern times.C.It has experienced dramatic changes in recent years.D.It has tried hard to satisfy students' various needs.(2)What is responsible for the students' lack of higher-level skills? A.The diluted college curriculum.B.The boring classroom activities.C.The absence of rigorous discipline.D.The outdated educational approach.(3)What does Laura Hamilton say about college administrations? A.They fail to give adequate help to the needy students.B.They tend to offer too many less challenging courses.C.They seem to be out of touch with society.D.They prioritize non-academic activities.(4)What can be learned about the socially and financially privileged students? A.They tend to have a sense of superiority over their peers.B.They can afford to choose easier majors in order to enjoy themselves.C.They spend a lot of time building strong connections with businesses.D.They can climb the social ladder even without a degree.(5)What does the author suggest in the last paragraph? A.American higher education has lost its global competitiveness.B.People should not expect too much from American higher education.C.The current situation in American higher education may not last long.D.It will take a long time to change the current trend in higher education.

Would you __________ your job if you inherited lots of money from your parents?

The All-American Slurp The first time our family was invited out to dinner in America,we disgraced ourselves while eating celery(芹菜).We had immigrated to this country from China,and during our early days here we had a hard time with American table manners. In China we never ate celery uncooked,or any other kind of vegetable raw.We always had to clean the vegetables in boiling water first When we were presented with our first relish tray,the raw celery caught us unprepared. We had been invited to dinner by our neighbors,the Gleasons.After arriving at the house,we shook hands with our hosts and packed ourselves into a sofa.As our family of four sat stiffly in a row,my younger brother and I stole glances at our parents for a clue as to what to do next. Mrs.Gleason offered the relish tray to Mother.The tray looked pretty,with its tiny red radishes,curly sticks of carrots,and long,slender stalks of pale green celery. "Do try some of the celery,Mrs.Lin," she said, "It's from a local farmer,and it's sweet." Mother picked up one of the green stalks,and Father followed suit.Then I picked up a stalk,and my brother did too.So there we sat,each with a stalk of celery in our right hand. Mrs.Gleason kept smiling. "Would you like to try some of the dip,Mrs.Lin?It's my own recipe:sour cream and onion flakes,with a dash of Tabasco sauce. Most Chinese don't care for dairy products,and in those days I wasn't even ready to drink fresh milk.Sour cream sounded perfectly disgusting.Our family shook our heads in unison. Mrs.Gleason went off with the relish tray to the other guests,and we carefully watched to see what they did.Everyone seemed to eat the raw vegetables quite happily. Mother took a bite of her celery.Crunch. "It's not bad!" she whispered. Father took a bite of his celery.Crunch. "Yes,it is good," he said,looking surprised. I took a bite,and then my brother.Crunch,crunch.It was more than good；it was delicious.Raw celery has a slight sparkle,a zingy taste that you don't get in cooked celery.When Mrs.Gleason came around with the relish tray,we each took another stalk of celery,except my brother.He took two. There was only one problem:long strings ran through the length of the stalk,and they got caught in my teeth.When I help my mother in kitchen,I always pull the strings out before slicing celery. I pulled the strings out of my stalk.Z-z-zip,z-z-zip.My brother followed suit.Z-z-zip,z-z-zip,z-z-zip.To my left,my parents were taking care of their own stalks.Z-z-zip,z-z-zip,z-z-zip. Suddenly I realized that there was dead silence except for our zipping.Looking up,I saw that the eyes of everyone in the room were on our family.Mr.and Mrs.Gleason,their daughter Meg,who was my friend and their neighbors the Badels -they were all staring at us as we busily pulled the strings of our celery That wasn't the end of it.Mrs.Gleason announced that dinner was served and invited us to the dining table.It was lavishly covered with plates of food,but we couldn't see any chairs around the table.So we helpfully carried over some dining chairs and sat down.All the other guests just stood there. Mrs.Gleason bent down and whispered to us,"This is a buffet dinner.You help yourselves to some food and eat it in the living room." Our family beat a retreat back to the sofa as if chased by enemy soldiers.For the rest of the evening,too embarrassed to go back to the dining table,I nursed a bit of potato salad on my plate. Next day Meg and I got on the school bus together.I wasn't sure how she would feel about me after the spectacle our family made at the party.But she was just the same as usual,and the only reference she made to the party was,"Hope you and your folks got enough to eat last night.You certainly didn't take very much.Mom never tries to figure out how much food to prepare.She just puts everything on the table and hopes for the best." I began to relax.The Gleasons' dinner party wasn't so different from a Chinese meal after all.My mother also puts everything on the table and hopes for the best. The day came when my parents announced that they wanted to give a dinner party.We had invited Chinese friends to eat with us before,but this dinner was going to be different.In addition to a Chinese-American family,we were going to invite the Gleasons. "Gee,I can hardly wait to have dinner at your house," Meg said to me. "I just love Chinese food." That was a relief.Mother was a good cook,but I wasn't sure if people who ate sour cream would also eat chicken gizzards stewed in soy sauce. Mother decided not to take a chance with chicken gizzards.Since we had western guests,she set the table with large dinner plates.Which we never used in Chinese meals.In fact we didn't use individual plates at all,but picked up food from plates in the middle of the table and brought it directly to our rice bowls.Following the practice of Chinese-American restaurant,mother also placed large serving spoons on the plates. The dinner started well.Mrs.Gleason exclaimed at the beautifully arranged dishes of food:the colorful candied fruit in the sweet-and-sour pork dish,the noodle-thin shreds of chicken meat stir-fried with tiny peas,and the glistening pink prawns in a ginger sauce. At first I was too busy enjoying my food to to notice how the guests were doing.But soon I remembered my duties.Sometimes guests were too polite to help themselves and you had to serve them with more food. I glanced at Meg,to see if she needed more food,and my eyes nearly popped out at the sight of her plate.It was piled with food:the sweet-and-sour meat pushed right against the chicken shreds,and the chicken sauce ran into the prawns.She had been taking food from a second dish before she finished eating her helping from the first! Horrified,I turned to look at Mr.Gleason.He was chasing a pea around his plate.Several times he got it to the edge,but when he tried to pick it up with his chopsticks,it rolled back toward the center of the plate again.Finally he put down his chopsticks and picked up the pea with his fingers.He really did!A grown man! All of us,our family and the Chinese guests,stopped eating to watch the activities of the Gleasons.I wanted to giggle.Then I caught my mother's eyes on me.She frowned and shook her head slightly,and I understood the message:the Gleasons were not used to Chinese ways,and they were just coping the best they could.For some reason I thought of celery strings. When the main courses were finished,Mother brought out a plate of fruit."I hope you weren't expecting a sweet dessert," she said. "Since the Chinese don't eat dessert,I didn't think to prepare any." "Oh,I couldn't possibly eat dessert!" cried Mrs.Gleason. "I'm simply stuffed!" Meg had different ideas.When the table was cleared,she announced that she and I were going for a walk. "I don't know about you,but I feel like dessert," she told me,when we were outside."Come on,there's a Dairy Queen down the street.I could use a big chocolate milkshake!" Although I didn't really want anything more to eat,I insisted on paying for the milkshakes.After all,I was still hostess. Meg got her large chocolate milkshake and I had a small one.Even so,she was finishing hers while I was only half done.Toward the end she pulled hard on her straws and went shloop,shloop. "Do you always slurp when you eat a milkshake?" I asked,before I could stop myself from doing so. Meg grinned."Sure.All Americans slurp."(1)Questions ①to ⑤.根据文章内容判断下列表述.如果表达与文章内容一致,选A项；表达与文体内容不一致,选B项:文章中未提及表述的信息,则选C项.①After arriving at the house of the Gleasons for dinner,the Chinese family seemed to feel quite uneasy. ______(判断对错)②After the Chinese family were offered raw celery they were served with fresh milk. ______(判断对错)③When dinner was served,some guests stood there because the Chinese family did not carry over enough dining chairs. ______(判断对错)④When the Chinese family served dinner,Mr.Gleason was not good with chopsticks. ______(判断对错)⑤After the main courses were finished,Meg did not have the fruit that the Chinese mother prepared. ______(判断对错)(2)Question ①to④.判断下列词汇在文章中的含义,并从表格中选择恰当的释义.(提示:8个选项中有4项是多余的)①care for ______②serve ______③nurse ______④message ______A.to like sb./sth.B.to be useful for a particular purposeC.a person whose job is to look after people who are ill or injuredD.the main or most important idea someone is trying to tellE.to do things that keep something in good conditionF.to give someone food or drinkG.to hold sb./sth.Carefully in your arms or close to your bodyH.a written or spoken piece of information that you send to sb.(3)Question ①to ②.选择最佳答案.①The passage is mainly about ______.A.difficulties in treating foreign guests to dinnerB.difficulties in adapting oneself to a new lifestyleC.differences between American and Chinese foodD.differences in table manners between two cultures②The last two paragraphs of the passage suggest that ______.A.every culture has its unique table mannersB.slurping is a habit shared by all AmericansC.every culture has something to be proud ofD.different cultures share similarities sometimes

If you want to raise your children to be adventurous eaters, it's not just about making them eat their vegetables. Raising a child who can enjoy a wide range of foods takes persistence and patience, but it should never feel like a chore. Cooking with your children can be a fantastic bonding experience, strengthening your relationship between one another. Here are a few reasons on why you should cook with your kids and how to do it safely.As a parent, spending quality time with your children is incredibly important. With many parents leading busy lifestyles and spending long hours at work, slotting in time with the kids can be tricky. However, bringing your children into the kitchen when you're making a meal can be a great family bonding experience. Depending on the age of your children, you could ask for a helping hand or two.2/52. According to the passage, cooking with children helps them learn important skills such as____.A. teamwork and following instructions

Women islanders usually rely on their husbands to get some medicines for them without diagnoses and prescriptions.The Doctor Will Skype You NowF)Even off the islands, Bangladesh faces a critical deficit of health services. The country has half the doctors-per-person ratio recommended by the World Health Organization: roughly one doctor per 2,000 people, instead of one doctor per 1,000 people. And of those physicians, many are concentrated in cities: 70% of the country’s population live in rural areas, yet less than 20% of health workers practice there. Over 70% of TD’s 3,000 patients are female, in part because many are not comfortable speaking with local doctors who tend to be male. The rural women are mostly not literate or confident enough to travel on their own to the nearest town to visit medical facilities. Many have spent their entire lives rebuilding their homes when the islands flood. Early marriage and young motherhood, which are prevalent in these parts of Bangladesh, also contribute to the early onset of health problems.G)For most TD patients on the islands, Dr. Mustahid is the first big-city doctor that they’ve ever consulted. TD doctors are not meant to treat serious illnesses or conditions that require a doctor to be physically present, such as pregnancy. But they can write prescriptions, diagnose common ailments—including digestive issues, joint pain, skin diseases, fever and the common cold—and refer patients to doctors at local hospitals. The visit is also an opportunity for the patients, especially women, to air their concerns about aging, motherhood and reproductive health according to Dr. Mustahid. The doctors also offer health, dietary and lifestyle advice where necessary, including insight on everything from recognizing postnatal (产后的) depression to daily exercise. Dr. Mustahid regularly recommends her patients to take a daily thirty-minute morning walk before the sun gets too intense.H)After a few sessions about general health issues Fazila finally opened up about something else that was bothering her: her persistent skin condition. It can get expensive to travel to the doctor, so usually the women living on the islands describe their illness to their husbands. The husbands then go to the pharmacy, try to describe the issue and return home with some random medicines. Nothing worked for Fazila until she started seeing Dr. Apa.I)Other nonprofits are also starting to provide health services on the islands. A local non-governmental organization called Friendship operates floating boat hospitals that provide health services to islands all over Bangladesh, docking at each for two months at a time. Friendship also runs satellite clinics in which one doctor and one clinic aide who are residents of the community disperse health and hygiene information.J)TD still has a few major challenges. Many residents complain the medicines they are prescribed are sometimes unaffordable, but the government isn’t doing enough for them. Patients often ask why the medicine isn’t free along with the consultation from the doctors. The organizations are linked to local pharmacies and offer discounts to the patients and make sure to prescribe the most cost-effective brands, but still many residents can’t afford even that.K)Nevertheless, TD’s remote consultations seem to be popular: Of 3, 000 patients, at least 200 have returned for follow-ups, according to TD. The reason, explains one resident, might be the simple gesture of treating the island inhabitants with respect. “Dr. Apa is patient,” he says, “At government hospitals, the doctors treat us very badly, but here they listen to us, I can repeat myself many times and no one gets annoyed.”A、A) Fazila is a young woman that has been dealing with eczema （湿疹）, a common skin condition, for the past five years, but never got it treated. The nearest hospital is an hour away, by boat and bus, and her skin condition didn't seem serious enough to make the trek, so she ignored it—until a new technology brought the doctor to her. Fazila lives on one of the remote river islands in northern Bangladesh. These islands are low-lying, temporary sand islands that are continuously formed and destroyed through sand buildup and erosion. They are home to over six million people, who face repeated displacement from flooding and erosion—which may be getting worse because of climate change—and a range of health risks, including poor nutrition, malaria (疟疾) and other water-borne diseases.B、B) The most dangerous thing for these remote island dwellers is land erosion. The second is lack of access to medical supplies and doctors. There are no doctors within miles, and while child mortality and maternal death have gone down in the rest of the country, this is not the case for the islands. The medical situation is so bad that it really takes away from the quality of their life. Yet for many island inhabitants—some of Bangladesh’s poorest—paying for health care is a costly ordeal. Victims of erosion lose their houses, agricultural land and jobs as farmers, fishermen and day laborers. Though government hospitals are free, many people hesitate to go, citing long commutes, endless lines and questionable diagnoses. For convenience’s sake, one-third of rural households visit unqualified village doctors, who rely on unscientific methods of treatment, according to a 2016 study in the peer-reviewed journal Global Health Action.C、C) On the islands, there's even a colloquial (口头的) expression for the idea of making medical care your lowest priority: It’s known as “rog pushai rakha” in Bengali, which roughly translates to “stockpiling their diseases”—waiting to seek medical attention until a condition becomes extremely serious. Now, a new virtual medical service called Teledaktar (TD) is trying to make health care more easily accessible. Every week, TD’s medical operators travel to the islands by boat, carrying a laptop, a portable printer for prescriptions and tools to run basic medical screenings such as blood pressure, blood sugar, body temperature and weight. They choose an area of the island with the best Internet reception and set up a makeshift（临时凑合的) medical center which consists of plastic stools and small tables borrowed from the locals’ homes, a tent in case of rain and a sheet that is strung up to give the patients privacy during their session.D、D) Launched in October 2018, TD has eight centers in towns and villages across rural Bangladesh and on three islands. It is funded by a nonprofit organization founded by Bangladeshi entrepreneurs, finance and technology professionals. Inside the center, the laptop screen lights up to reveal Dr. Tina Mustahid, TD’s head physician, live-streamed (网络直播)from the capital city of Dhaka for free remote medical consultations. Affectionately called Doctor Apa—“older sister” in Bengali—by her patients, she is one of three volunteer doctors at TD.E、E)“I diagnose them through conversation,” says Dr. Mustahid. “Sometimes it’s really obvious things that local doctors don’t have the patience to talk through with their patients. For example, a common complaint mothers come in with is that their children refuse to eat their meals. The mothers are concerned they are dealing with indigestion, but it’s because they are feeding the children packaged chips which are cheap and convenient. I tell them it is ruining their appetite and ask them to cut back on unhealthy snacks.” Dr. Mustahid says building awareness about health and nutrition is important for island patients who are cut off from mainland resources.

14. It is not the first time that one of the company's famed self-driving cars has been____in a crash .A. engagedB. participatedC. involvedD. referred

Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary. Each word can be used only once. response transform focus analyze estimate competitive compensate adopt typical regulate 1. To make our companies _____ in the market, we have to be more creative and productive. 2. People are beginning to realize that to_____ nature at will is the biggest mistake that man has ever made. 3. It is difficult to conclude what a(n) _____ student does in his spare time because every student has different interests. 4. A month ago I wrote to the store complaining about its bad service, but I haven't gotten a(n)_____ yet. 5. Some of your suggestions have been_____, but others have been turned down as they are not workable. 6. All of a sudden, he lost his interest in engineering, and_____his attention on learning a foreign language. 7. If a company decreases health benefits for its employees, they should increase salaries to_____the workers. 8. I failed to pass the exam although I had worked very hard. I should_____the causes of my failure. 9. When you do yoga, try to_____your breathing. Don't breathe too fast and make sure you breathe only through your nose. 10. It was difficult to______how many people had been wounded in the earthquake.