"Sugar, alcohol and tobacco," economist Adam Smith once wrote," are commodities which are nowhere necessaries of life, which have become objects of almost universal consumption, and which are, therefore, extremely popular subjects of taxation. "Two and a half centuries on, most countries impose some sort of tax on alcohol and tobacco. With surging obesity levels putting increasing strain on public health systems, governments around the world have begun to toy with the idea of taxing sugar as well.Whether such taxes work is a matter of debate. A preliminary review of Mexico's taxation found a fall in purchases of taxed drinks as well as a rise in sales of untaxed and healthier drinks. By contrast, a Danish tax on foods high in fats was abandoned a year after its introduction, amid claims that consumers were avoiding it by crossing the border to Germany to satisfy their desire for cheaper, fattier fare.The food industry has, in general, been firmly opposed to such direct government action. Nonetheless, the renewed focus on waistlines means that industry groups are under pressure to demonstrate their products are healthy as well as tasty.Over the past three decades, the industry has made some efforts to improve the quality of its offerings. For example, some drink manufacturers have cut the amount of sugar in their beverages.Many of the reductions over the past 30 years have been achieved either by reducing the amount of sugar, salt or fat in a product, or by finding an alternative ingredient. More recently, however, some companies have been investing money in a more ambitious undertaking: learning how to adjust the fundamental make-up of the food they sell. For example, having salt on the outside, but none on the inside, reduces the salt content without changing the taste.While reformulating recipes （ 配方） is one way to improve public health, it should be part of a multi-sided approach. The key is to remember that there is not just one solution. To deal with obesity, a mixture of approaches--including reformulation, taxation and adjusting portion sizes--will be needed. There is no silver bullet.What did Adam Smith say about sugar, alcohol and .tobacco?A.They were profitable to manufacture.B.They were in ever-increasing demand.C.They were subject to taxation almost everywhere.D.They were no longer considered necessities of life.Why have many countries started to consider taxing sugar?A.They are under growing pressure to balance their national budgets.B.They find it ever harder to cope with sugar-induced health problems.C.The practice of taxing alcohol and tobacco has proved both popular and profitable.D.The sugar industry is overtaking alcohol and tobacco business in generating profits.What do we learn about Danish taxation on fat-rich foods?A.It did not work out as well as was expected.B.It gave rise to a lot of problems on the border.C.It could not succeed without German cooperation.D.It met with firm opposition from the food industry.What is the more recent effort by food companies to make foods and drinks both healthy and tasty?A.Replacing sugar or salt with alternative ingredients.B.Setting a limit on the amount of sugar or salt in their products.C.Investing in research to find ways to adapt to consumers' needs.D.Adjusting the physical composition of their products.What does the author mean by saying, at the end of the passage, "There is no silver bullet" （ Line 4, Para.7）?A.There is no single easy quick solution to the problem.B.There is no hope of success without public cooperation.C.There is no hurry in finding ways to solve the obesity problem.D.There is no effective way to reduce people's sugar consumption..

For many people, working out and alcohol are closely linked. Sports teams and training partners celebrate victories, bemoan defeats or mark the end of training sessions with a beer or three. Beer, in fact, provides a substantial portion of some exercisers' fluid intake after workouts. But whether exercise encourages people to drink and, likewise, whether drinking encourages people to exercise has been in dispute. Now new studies suggest that exercise may well influence when and how much people drink. Drinking may even affect whether people exercise, and, the findings suggest, the interplay between exercise and alcohol could be a good thing. Past studies have shown that people who exercise tend numerically also to be people who drink, and vice versa. But most of these previous studies had limitations. They relied, for instance, on people's ability to recall their exercise and drinking habits over the course of, say, the past year, which can be notoriously unreliable. They also rarely took into account participants' ages and gender, which affect how much people exercise and drink. What is the relationship between exercise and alcohol from the new studies? A. The interaction between exercise and alcohol are in dispute.B. Exercise may impact on how long and when people drink.C. The interaction between exercise and alcohol might be good.

A large amount of goods is piled up in the _______ at the train station. A. garage B. warehouse C. barrel D. cabin

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.We live today indebted to McCardell,Cashin,Hawes,Wilkins,and Maxwell,and other women who liberated American fashion from the confines of Parisian design. Independence came in tying, wrapping,storing,harmonizing,and rationalizing that wardrobe. These designers established the modern dress code,letting playsuits and other activewear outfits suffice for casual clothing,allowing pants to enter the wardrobe,and prizing rationalism and versatility in dress, in contradiction to dressing for an occasion or allotment of the day.Fashion in America was logical and answerable to the will of the women who wore it.Implicitly or explicitly,American fashion addressed a democracy,whereas traditional Parisbased fashion was prescriptive and imposed on women,willing or not.In an earlier time,American fashion had also followed the dictates of Paris,or even copied and pirated specific French designs.Designer sportswear was not modeled on that of Europe,as“moderr art”would later be;it was genuinely invented and developed in America.Its designers were not high end with supplementary lines. The design objective and the business commitment were to sportswear, and the distinctive traits were problem-solving ingenuity and realistic lifestyle applications. Ease of care was most important:summer dresses and outfits,in particular were chiefly cotton,readily capable ofbeing washed and pressed at home.Closings were simple, practical, and accessible, as the modern woman depended on no personal maid to dress her. American designers prized resourcefulness and the freedom of women who wore the clothingMany have argued that the women designers of this time were able to project their own clothing values into a new style. Of course, much of this argument in the 1930s-40s was advanced because there was little or no experience in justifying apparel(服装)on the basis of utility.If Paris was cast aside, the tradition of beauty was also to some degree slighted.Designer sportswear would have to be verified by a standard other than that of pure beauty; the emulation of a designer's life in designer sportswear was a crude version of this relationship.The consumer was ultimately to be mentioned as well, especially by the likes of Dorothy Shaver,who could point to the sales figures at Lord &Taylor.Could utility alone justify the new ideas of the American designers?Fashion is often regarded as a pursuit of beauty, and some cherished fashion's trivial relationship to the fine arts.What the designers of American sportswear proved was that fashion is a genuine design art answering to the demanding needs of service. Of course these practical insightful designers have determined the course of late twentieth-century fashion.They were the pioneers of gender equity,in their useful,adaptable clothing which was both made for the masses and capabie of seif-expression46. What contribution did the women designers make to American fashion?A) They made some improvements on the traditional Parisian design B) They formulated a dress code with distinctive American features. C) They came up with a brandnew set of design procedures. D) They made originality a top priority in their fashion design47. What do we learn about American designer sportswear?A) It imitated the European model. B) It laid emphasis on women's beauty. C) It represented genuine American art. D) It was a completely new invention. 48. What characterized American designer sportswear?A) Pursuit of beauty. B) Decorative closings. C) Ease of care. D) Fabric quality 49.What occurred in the design of women’s apparel in America during the 1930s-40s?A) A shift of emphasis from beauty to utility. B) The emulation of traditional Parisian designC) A search for balance between tradition and novelty D) The involvement of more women in fashion design.50.What do we learn about designers of American sportswear?A) They catered to the taste of the younger generation B) They radically changed people's concept of beauty. C) They advocated equity between men and women. D) They became rivals of their Parisian counterparts

The poor old lady staggered on the icy road and had to _____ at a broken chair for support.A. reachB. latchC. fetchD. clutch

第一组内容 1、subspecies,ei,f.亚种 2、camphora,ae,f.樟脑 3、semen,inis,n.种子 4、acidum,i,n.酸 5、fructus,us,m.果实 第二组内容 A.第一变格法名词 B.第二变格法名词 C.第三变格法名词 D.第四变格法名词 E.第五变格法名词 请将两组内容相关的项连起来

The poor old lady staggered on the icy road and had to ____ at a broken chair for support.A. latchB. clutchC. fetchD. reach

Being crazy in getting certificates _ is nothing but wasting time A uncontrollably B senselessly C blindly D emotionally

Part I Writing (30minutes)Directions: Suppose your university is seeking students' opinions on whether university libraries should be open to the public. You are now to write an essay to express your view. You will have 30 minutes for the task. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.___

Research shows that under some conditions, music actually improves our performance, while in other situations music makes it worse—sometimes dangerously so.Absorbing and remembering new information is best done with the music off, suggests a 2010 study published in Applied Cognitive Psychology. Adults aged 18 to 30 were asked to recall a series of sounds presented in a particular order. Participants’ performance suffered when music was played while they carried out the task as compared to when they completed the task in a quiet environment. Nick Perham, the British researcher who conducted the study, notes that playing music you like can lift your mood and increase your arousal—if you listen to it before getting down to work. But it serves as a distraction from cognitively demanding tasks.That finding is key to understanding another condition under which music can improve performance: when a well-practiced expert needs to achieve the relaxed focus necessary to execute a job he’s done many times before. A number of studies have found, for example, that surgeons often listen to music in the operating room and that they work more effectively when they do.The doctors listening to their preferred music were also the most relaxed, as revealed by measurements of their nervous system activity. Still, surgeons might want to ask others in the operating room for their opinions on playing music: one survey of anesthetists (麻醉师) found that about a quarter felt that music “reduced their vigilance (警觉) and impaired (减少) their communication with other staffs,” and about half felt that music was distracting when they were dealing with a problem with the anesthesia.Research suggests that singing along might even heighten the distraction. A study presented earlier this month at the International Conference on Traffic and Transport Psychology, reported that singing along with music in a car may slow drivers’ responses to potential hazards. Singing these songs while operating a simulated car increased drivers’ mental workload, leading them to scan their visual field less often and to focus instead on the road right in front of them.Other iPod rules drawn from the research: Classical or instrumental music enhances mental performance more than music with lyrics. Music can make rote or routine tasks (think folding laundry or filing papers) less boring and more enjoyable. Runners who listen to music go faster. But when you need to give learning and remembering your full attention, silence is golden.1. What is the main idea of the passage?A) Music may function differently according to what we are doing. B) Music can improve our performance both in study and work.C) Music reduces work efficiency and should be turned off at work.D) Music needs to be played to increase work efficiency.2. Why do surgeons often play music in the operating room?A) Because they are used to listening to music while doing operations.B) Because they can work more effectively while listening to music. C) Because they find it useful to play music to calm down the patients.D) Because they need music to help them perform especially long surgeries.3. What is the anesthetists’ attitude towards music in the operating room?A) About 25% feel relaxed by listening to music.B) About 25% think music reduces their communication with patients.C) About 50% prefer music on before they start working.D) About 50% think music makes them less concentrated. 4. What is the effect of singing on driving performance according to research?A) It will further distract drivers’ attention. B) It will make drivers more alert and engaged.C) It will make drivers scan their visual field more often.D) It will further relieve drivers’ mental stress.5. Which of the following is NOT a right time to play music?A) When athletes are running.B) When students are doing homework. C) When kids are learning to fold laundry.D) When clerks are filing papers.