A Nativist Argument for Immigration I have a plan that will raise wages, lower prices, increase the nation’s stock of scientists and engineers, and maybe even create the next Google. Better yet, this plan won’t cost the government a dime. In fact, it will save a lot of money. But few politicians are going to want to touch it. Here’s the plan. more immigration. A pathway to legal status for undocumented immigrants. And a recognition that immigration policy is economic policy, and needs to be thought of as such. See what I meant about politicians not liking it Economists will tell you that immigrants raise wages for the average native-born worker. They’ll tell you that they make things cheaper for us to buy here, and that if we didn’t have immigrants for some of these jobs, the jobs would move to other countries. They’ll tell you that we should allow for much more highly skilled immigration, because that’s about as close to a free lunch as you’re likely to find. They’ll tell you that the people who should most want a path to legal status for undocumented immigrants are the low-income workers who are most opposed to such plans. And about all this, the economists are right. There are also noneconomic considerations, of course. Integrating cultures and nationalities is difficult. Undocumented immigrants raise issues of law and fairness. Border security is important. Those questions are important. They’re just not the subject of this column. The mistake we make when thinking about the effect immigrants have on our wages, says Giovanni Peri, an economist at the University of California, Davis, who has studied the issue extensively, is we imagine an economy in which the number of jobs is fixed. Then, if one immigrant comes in, he takes one of those jobs or forces a worker to accept a lower wage. But that’s not how our economy works. With more labor―particularly more labor of different kinds―the economy grows larger. It produces more stuff. There are more workers buying things, and that increases the total number of jobs. We understand perfectly well that Europe is in trouble because its low birthrates mean fewer workers, and that means less economic growth. We ourselves worry that we’re not graduating enough scientists and engineers. But the economy doesn’t care if it gets workers through birthrates or green cards. In fact, there’s a sense in which green cards are superior. Economists separate new workers into two categories: those who "substitute" for existing labor (we’re both construction workers, and the boss can easily trade you out for me) and those who "complement" existing labor (you’re a construction engineer and I’m a construction worker). Immigrants, more than U. S.-born workers, tend to be in the second category, as the jobs you want to give to someone who doesn’t speak English very well and doesn’t have many skills are different from the jobs you give to people who are fluent and have more skills. That means firms can expand more rapidly because they have more labor of different types, and that native workers can do jobs where they’re more productive. If you have lots of immigrant laborers willing to build things, a firm can build more things (and build them in America), and has more need for native workers who can supervise the production and do the technical work. The effect of all this―which has been demonstrated in multiple studies―is that immigrants raise wages for the average American. But that’s only half of their benefit. "Living standards are a function of two things," says Michael Greenstone, director of the Hamilton Project, which is hosting a Washington conference on the economics of immigration next week. "They’re a function of our wages and the prices of the goods we purchase." And immigrants reduce the prices of those goods. Patricia Cortes, an economist at the University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business, found that immigrants lowered the prices in "immigrant-intensive industries" like housekeeping and gardening by about 10 percent. So our wages go up and the prices of the things we want to buy go down. We should remember, though, that the average worker isn’t every worker. A study by Harvard economists George Borjas and Lawrence Katz found that although immigrants raised native wages overall, they slightly hurt the 8 percent of workers without a high-school education and those with a college education. A subsequent study by Peri looked harder at the ways immigrant labor differed from native labor and found that all groups of workers saw a benefit from immigrants―though unskilled workers saw less of a benefit than highly skilled workers. And unskilled workers face even tougher competition from undocumented immigrants who, because their status is so fragile, will accept pay beneath the minimum wage. And they are unlikely to complain about safety regulations or work conditions. That takes unskilled immigrants from being a bit cheaper than unskilled natives and makes them a lot cheaper―which makes employers likelier to hire them for jobs that native workers could do better. This suggests, first, that American workers would be better off if we figured out a way to take the 12 million undocumented immigrants and give them legal status, and second, that we might want to give them more direct help if we’re going to increase immigration. Both are possible―just politically difficult. What shouldn’t be politically difficult is forming a consensus around increasing the number of highly skilled immigrants. Due to a 1965 law, our immigration system is based on family unification. More than 65 percent of visas are for purposes of bringing family members to the United States. Only 15 percent are for economic reasons. As Darrell West of the Brookings Institution writes in his book Brain Gain, this means that immigrant families, rather than current policymakers, decide who enters the country. There are other benefits to higher immigration, too. Contrary to popular belief, immigrants tend to pay more money to the government than they get back from it, as they pay lots of taxes but often collect fewer benefits. They’re young, which helps us keep our entitlements afloat as the boomers retire. And then, of course, there are the benefits to the immigrants themselves and to their families back home. But I’ve probably scared the politicians enough for one day.What did the study by Harvard economists George Borjas and Lawrence Katz find concerning immigrants A. They raised all native workers’ average wages.B. They need a college education to raise their wages.C. They raised wages of 8 percent of native workers.D. They slightly lowered wages of some workers.

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Are you diligently exercising but seeing no result around your midsection(上腹部)? It's not just you. Two new studies may explain why many people who begin exercise programs often lose little to no weight in the long run.In the first study, published in the online science journal PLoS One, researchers compared the daily energy consumption of Westerners and the Hadza, a population of hunter-gatherers living in northern Tanzania. Many believe modern Westerners burn fewer calories than in the past because their lives have become more sedentary(久坐的). The Hadza, who are generally very thin, hunt and look for food without modern tools such as vehicles or guns. Men walk about seven miles each day, while women walk about half that.What was surprising was that although the Hadza seem to be more active, the researchers found little difference in calories burned between the Hadza and the Westerners.The second study, published in Obesity Reviews, analyzed the effect of exercise interventions on body composition. The researchers found that—contrary to popular belief—when people exercise but keep their energy intake constant, their resting metabolic(新陈代谢的)rate actually goes down. Exercises who ate more calories than they usually do did burn more fat than predicted, but some overate and negated the effects of their hard work.These studies suggest two things: exercise programs may not lead to as much calories burn as you would think, and many people start eating more when they exercise, and they may eat too much.Bottom line, if you start exercising to lose weight, you won't succeed with the mentality of “I can eat anything because I'll burn it off later.” You will have better results if you choose a healthy diet of whole grains, fruits and vegetables, lean proteins and healthy fats while exercising. Although these two studies show that diet may be more important than exercise for weight loss, don't discount the other benefits of exercise, including decreased stress and anxiety, improved mood and reduced risk of cardiovascular(心血管的)disease, diabetes and some cancers.【小题1】What dose the two studies show in common?A．Exercises are of great benefit.B．Exercises make people eat too much.C．Dieting may be not so helpful for weight loss.D．Exercises do not necessarily lead to weight loss.【小题2】What does the underlined word “negated” mean?A．Improved.B．Doubled.C．Denied.D．Aroused.【小题3】The text is most likely to be found in ______.A．a science magazineB．a book reviewC．a health guidelineD．a news report

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A Mess on the Ladder of Success A) Throughout American history there has almost always been at least one central economic narrative that gave the ambitious or unsatisfied reason to pack up and seek their fortune elsewhere. For the first 300 or so years of European settlement, the story was about moving outward: getting immigrants to the continent and then to the frontier to clear the prairies(大草原), drain the wetlands and build new cities. B) By the end of the 19th century, as the frontier vanished, the US had a mild panic attack. What would this energetic, enterprising country be without new lands to conquer Some people, such as Teddy Roosevelt, decided to keep on conquering (Cuba, the Philippines, etc.), but eventually, in industrialization, the US found a new narrative of economic mobility at home. From the 1890s to the 1960s, people moved from farm to city, first in the North and then in the South. In fact, by the 1950s, there was enough prosperity and white-collar work that many began to move to the suburbs. As the population aged, there was also a shift from the cold Rust Belt to the comforts of the Sun Belt. We think of this as an old person’s migration, but it created many jobs for the young in construction and health care, not to mention tourism, retail and restaurants. C) For the last 20 years from the end of the cold war through two burst bubbles in a single decade-the US has been casting about for its next economic narrative. And now it is experiencing another period of panic, which is bad news for much of the workforce but particularly for its youngest members. D) The US has always been a remarkably mobile country, but new data from the Census Bureau indicate that mobility has reached its lowest level in recorded history. Sure, some people are stuck in homes valued at less than their mortgages(抵押贷款), but many young people-who don’t own homes and don’t yet have families-are staying put, too. This suggests, among other things, that people aren’t packing up for new economic opportunities the way they used to. Rather than dividing the country into the 1 percenters versus(与......相对) everyone else, the split in our economy is really between two other classes: the mobile and immobile. E) Part of the problem is that the country’s largest industries are in decline. In the past, it was perfectly clear where young people should go for work (Chicago in the 1870s, Detroit in the 1910s, Houston in the 1970s) and, more or less, what they’d be doing when they got there (killing cattle, building cars, selling oil). And these industries were large enough to offer jobs to each class of worker, from unskilled laborer to manager or engineer. Today, the few bright spots in our economy are relatively small (though some promise future growth) and decentralized. There are great jobs in Silicon Valley, in the biotech research capitals of Boston and Raleigh-Durham and in advanced manufacturing plants along the southern z-85 corridor. These companies recruit all over the country and the globe for workers with specific abilities. (You don’t need to be the next Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook. to get a job in one of the microhubs(微中心), by the way. But you will almost certainly need at least a B. A. in computer science or a year or two at a technical school.) This newer, select job market is national, and it offers members of the mobile class competitive salaries and higher bargaining power. F) Many members of the immobile class, on the other hand, live in the America of the gloomy headlines. If you have no specialized skills, there’s little reason to uproot to another state and be the last in line for a low-paying job at a new auto plant or a green-energy startup. The surprise in the census(普查) data, however, is that the immobile workforce is not limited to unskilled workers. In fact, many have a college degree. G) Until now, a B. A. in any subject was a near-guarantee of at least middle-class wages. But today, a quarter of college graduates make less than the typical worker without a bachelor’s degree. David Autor, a prominent labor economist at M.I.T., recently told me that a college degree alone is no longer a guarantor of a good job. While graduates from top universities are still likely to get a good job no matter what their major is, he said, graduates from less-famous schools are going to be judged on what they know. To compete for jobs on a national level, they should be armed with the skills that emerging industries need, whether technical or not. H) Those without such specialized skills-like poetry, or even history, majors-are already competing with their neighbors for the same sorts of second-rate, poorer-paying local jobs like low-level management or big-box retail sales. And with the low-skilled labor market atomized into thousands of microeconomics, immobile workers are less able to demand better wages or conditions or to acquire valuable skills. I) So what, exactly, should the ambitious young worker of today be learning Unfortunately, it’s hard to say, since the US doesn’t have one clear national project. There are plenty of emerging, smaller industries, but which ones are the most promising (Nanotechnology’s(纳米技术) moment of remarkable growth seems to have been 5 years into the future for something like 20 years now.) It’s not clear exactly what skills are most needed or if they will even be valuable in a decade. J) What is clear is that all sorts of government issues--education. health-insurance portability, worker retraining-are no longer just bonuses to already prosperous lives but existential requirements. It’s in all of our interests to make sure that as many people as possible are able to move toward opportunity, and America’s ability to invest people and money in exciting new ideas is still greater than that of most other wealthy countries. (As recently as five years ago, US migration was twice the rate of European Union states.) That, at least, is some comfort at a time when our national economy seems to be searching for its next story line.When the frontier vanished about a century ago, America found new economic mobility in industrialization.

The 10-Chinese-characte resignation letter(辞职信) of a middle school teacher in Zhengzhou of Henan province has spread widely on the Internet. Her letter simply says, “The world is big, and I want to see it.” But it has inspired many young and senior employees to imitate(模仿)interesting resignation letters. What these resignation letters all have in common is that they express the writers’ dissatisfaction with their daily routines, and their eagerness to explore something new. The resigned teacher belongs to the post-1980 generation, members of which were influenced by individualism(个人主义), different from collectivism rooted in China’s traditional culture. They became the first group in the country to seek individual growth and self-fulfillment. To go after individualism, however, people have to find the answers to questions such as “Who am I?” and “How do I fit into this world?” during their adolescence. But the post-1980 generation began to think about these questions only after reaching adulthood, when they also meet with the questions of how to seek creativity and self-development. The struggle between those thoughts has caused some young people to quit their jobs to pursue their goals. The post-1980 generation’s late self-discovery could be due to monetary and educational limitation during their adolescence. The gap year, a period between high school graduation and college, is quite popular among youngsters in the West. It helps youths understand themselves and the world better. But the different education system and severe academic competition in China do not allow the post-1980 generation to experience the word in any gap year. After they mature, they find that the possibilities in life and the world are more than they could imagine. So when they meet with inertia(惰性)in their adulthood, when their flat office job becomes boring, they are eager to explore the world and make up for their absent dreams during their adolescence. 32. The middle school teacher’s resignation letter______. A. catches little attention on the Internet. B. tells her dissatisfaction with her boss. C. explains her resignation in detail D. shows her willingness to explore 33. Which of the following is true about the post-1980 generation? A. They ignore traditional culture. B. They fail to develop creativity C. They understand themselves late. D. They receive the worst education 34. It can be inferred that the gap year helps the young______. A. perform better in academic competition B. prepare for further education or career C. gain international working experience. D. fulfill their adolescent dreams. 35. What is the writer’s attitude towards the resignation letter? A. Supportive B. Defensive. C. Critical D. Neutral.