It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ____ after 11 o'clock at night ．A. were not playedB. not be playedC. not to playD. did not play
Sibling relationshipsPerhaps because most societies place so much emphasis on the parent-child relationship, there is a relative lack of information on the relationships among brothers and sisters. Yet sibling relationships can play important roles in our development as individuals and often bring just as much, if not more, joy, anger, pain, frustration, and pleasure. Relationships with brothers and sisters are also the longest that we will experience in our lives, since most siblings outlive parents and they begin earlier than those we establish with friends.Many parents still believe in the story that their children should naturally just get along, being loving, affectionate, and supportive of each other. However, the studies that do exist on siblings show that this natural harmony is much more fiction than fact. The earliest research on relationships among siblings developed the common theme that brothers and sisters relate to each other mainly in a rivalrous (竞争的) way, competing for parental attention and status within the family unit. It is true that young siblings often fight with each other, putting the pressure on the entire family. In fact, family psychologists report that quarrels among siblings is one of the top concerns of their clients.Many studies agree that sibling rivalry is strongest between brothers -- especially when they are close in age, and that the rivalry continues into adulthood with increasing conflicts, competition, and jealousy. This effect is most definite when the brothers have jobs of unequal status, for example if one is a Wall Street broker and the other a furniture salesman. One 1962 study even showed that male workers were happiest with their jobs when they felt that they were doing better than their brothers and least satisfied when they felt their brothers were in a ‘better’ job. Another study in 1975 concluded that siblings use each other to as ‘measuring sticks’ to evaluate how well they are doing in life. As a result, when one sibling seems to have better performance in work, the relationship can become tense.Rivalry is the basis of the most sibling interaction problems. In a typical family, each sibling wants and will fight in various ways for the attention the others are receiving. Rivalry can become especially obvious when one of the children has a disability, because the parents will have to spend more time with the disabled child. Small children do not understand this, since they only consider another child as a threat, and will work harder to attract more parental attention. Unless the parents are careful to provide structure and limits, this usually results in the disabled child receiving too little attention, adding to the child’s disadvantages later in life.Rivalry seems to occur least between brothers and sisters, while sisters often report becoming much closer as they grow into adulthood. However, these comparisons can be cheating. Some child behaviorists suggest that they are, in fact, false, and that people only have these impressions because boys’ competition is more visible. Boys tend to fight physically. But girls tend to fight verbally, with their words full of hatred and anger. If the siblings do not live together, the rivalry will decrease a lot. Recent research suggests that competition with siblings may not fade in fact, but that many people are unwilling to admit this, believing such emotions to be immature or unworthy.Children’s natural selfishness is a normal part of all sibling relationships.Most is no cause for alarm. In fact, overreacting to such competition can do more harm than good, although ignoring it is not helpful, either. According to several studies, most parents then to react to conflict with passive behavior, for example, they do and say nothing, or they simply tell the children to expressing and learning about their emotions and can actually prolong their rivalry into adulthood. A more effective way for parents is to model positive behavior in their adult relationships and to reward it in their children. They can make such statements as, “I am so proud of you two for working together on the project,” or “Seeing you share your toys with your sister makes me very happy.” Also, researchers suggest that parents sit down with their children and act as a mediator to settle the quarrels.【小题1】One misunderstanding among parents is that_______. A．children can naturally get along well with their brothers and sisters. B．children fight with each other when they are young. C．brothers and sisters compete for the status within the family unit. D．brothers and sisters struggle for parents’ attention. 【小题2】Research findings show that a man shows the highest level of satisfaction with his job when his brother ________. A．achieves success in his career. B．chooses the same job. C．takes a job of lower status. D．finds ‘measuring sticks’ to motivate him. 【小题3】The disabled child in a family may get less attention from the parents because ________. A．he is not healthy and capable. B．he annoys the parents by taking up too much of their time. C．other children of the family speak badly of him in front of the parents. D．other children of the family, out of jealousy, call the parents’ attention to themselves on purpose. 【小题4】Seeing conflicts among children, parents should _________. A．tell the children to stop fighting and criticize them strictly. B．recognize children’s shining points and mediate conflicts. C．read the children stories about positive behavior. D．ignore their conflicts.
How Important Is Knowledge Knowledge Makes the Difference between Poverty and Wealth Forty years ago, Ghana and the Republic of Korea had about the same income per capita. By 1990, Korea’’s income was six times higher than Ghana’’s. While part of the difference is due to more investment and more workers, half of the difference is attributed to Korea’’s greater success in organizing and using knowledge.’’Knowledge Makes the Difference between Sickness and Health Knowledge doesn’’t only mean higher economic growth and higher incomes. It can also mean a better quality of life, such as a cleaner environment and better health. In recent decades, infant mortality rates have declined sharply for people in all income groups. Even very poor families suffer fewer infant deaths today than equally poor families suffered ten years ago. Reason: the advance of knowledge has made possible new drugs and vaccines, better sanitation practices, and more effective public health campaigns.What Kind of Knowledge Our report focuses on two types of knowledge that are especially important to development. First, technical knowledge or simply know-how. Examples are nutrition and birth control, engineering and accounting. Poor countries and poor people have less know-how than others, and these knowledge gaps make it harder for people to escape poverty. Second, knowledge about attributes or characteristics, such as the purity of milk, the diligence of a worker, the solvency (偿付能力) of a firm, and the security of a bank. When this information is lacking, markets function badly ―or fail. We call the difficulties arising from lack of this type of knowledge information problems. Information problems are often worse in developing countries and they especially hurt the poor.Knowledge Gaps and Information Problems in the Green Revolution The Green Revolution illustrates how dealing with both types of problems can improve people’’s lives. The first steps in the Green Revolution involved narrowing knowledge gaps ― research to develop new seed and techniques, and teach the new techniques to farmers. But the potential of the Green Revolution could not be dug up unless poor farmers obtained loans to buy new seeds and fertilizer. As we will see, credit for the poor is a classic information problem. Lack of credit and other information problems turned out to be as important and difficult as the original agricultural research. One study in India found that for a typical family with a small parcel of land, the loss of potential income over five years from slow adoption and inefficient use of high-yielding varieties was nearly four times its annual income before the introduction of the new seeds. As these problems were solved, through research, agricultural extension services and later through micro credit, the Green Revolution indeed helped the poor. Incomes of small farmers almost doubled and the incomes of landless laborers ― the poorest of the poor ― more than doubled. The two types of problem often overlap and interact, as in the case of the Green Revolution. To narrow knowledge gaps ― both between and within countries ― it is necessary to know how knowledge can be acquired, how it can be absorbed, and how it can be communicated.Acquiring Knowledge Most new knowledge is being created in richer countries, where spending on research and development is the highest. Fortunately, developing countries don’’t need to re-invent the light bulb, or the computer, or the vaccine for measles. In many cases, tapping global knowledge will be quickest and easiest way to narrow knowledge gaps. How Foreign direct investment, trade, and ― in an era of strengthened intellectual property rights ― licensing are all important mechanisms for acquiring knowledge from abroad. And countries should not neglect the knowledge in their own backyard, such as traditional knowledge about ecosystems and medicinal plants. China, Brazil, India and Korea are building their own research capacity, to complement the acquisition of knowledge from abrade.Absorbing Knowledge Education is more important than ever before. In the past 20 years, the share of medium and high-technology goods in world trade has more than doubled, to half of world trade. Basic education remains crucial, but it is no longer enough. To compete globally, a country’’s workforce must include people with advanced technical training and higher education. At the household level, too, education is crucial. It is well known that educated women have healthier children and that farmers with more schooling are quicker to adopt new techniques. Despite great changes, too many poor people ― especially women ― remain illiterate. In low-income countries, four out of ten women do not know how to read.Communicating Knowledge Falling communication costs offer new opportunities to cope with these old problems. Computing power and telephone lines cost only one ten-thousandth of what they cost two decades ago. Yet millions of people remain isolated. In the U.S. there are more than 600 telephone lines for every 1,000 people. But in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, there are only 20 telephone lines for every 1,000 people. The problem isn’’t lack of demand. Worldwide about 28 million households and businesses in developing countries are on waiting lists for a telephone line. Many more would gladly pay if only service were available. Breaking up monopolies and introducing more competition can help to increase the supply of phones. In Ghana the number of phone lines increased by 25 percent in the first year after the market was opened to competition. Chile used an innovative scheme to award subsidies to companies that install pay phones in remote villages. By the end of this year almost everybody in Chile will have access to a phone. Even if knowledge gaps were closed entirely, with everyone in the world having the same access to know-how as well-educated people in rich countries, people in poorer countries would still face more serious information problems. Knowledge about attributes ― the quality of a product or the solvency of a firm ― cannot be stored for long. It must be generated on the spot and constantly refreshed. Many of the institutions needed to collect and spread this information are weak or lacking in developing countries. Information problems are especially important in three areas: poverty as is discussed above, finance, and environment.Finance The financial crisis in East Asia is clear reminder of the severity of information problems and the need to develop institutions to deal with them. By now the story is familiar. A build-up of short-term debt inevitably exposes a country to risk. But why was the withdrawal of funds so great Part of the answer lies with inadequate information: depositors, unable to distinguish good banks from bad ones, withdrew their money from all banks; investors, unable to distinguish good firms from bankrupt ones, dumped the shares of all companies. The importance of good accounting standards and the disclosure of information has now been revealed in the worst way possible. Part of the solution then lies in standardized balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements, loan loss provisions, realistic valuation of collateral (抵押品) and so on. Argentina has greatly strengthened its financial sector by adopting a "multiple eyes" approach that involves as many agents as possible in monitoring bank behavior. Capital adequacy ratios are a stiff 11.5 percent; foreign banks hold 45 percent of banking assets, the central bank provides on-line information about companies’’ balance sheets and income statements, and overall supervision of the banks has been greatly strengthened.Environment Information problems underlie many environmental problems, because information about environmental concerns is often unavailable. Some governments have discovered that by gathering and disclosing this information, they can make unexpected progress on tough issues. In Indonesia, the government created incentives for firms to reduce pollution by rating factories’’ environmental performance, from black for the worst water polluters to gold for the very cleanest. In barely a year, one-third of the firms found to be in violation of environmental laws―some of which had been polluting for years ― cleaned up enough to earn the blue rating of firms that comply with the law. Why Partly because investors care about the environment. A recent World Bank study of stock markets in Argentina, Chile, Mexico and the Philippines found that bad environmental news about a company depressed the price of its shares by about 15 percent, while good news raised its share prices about 20 percent.Lack of information can be so severe as to cause a financial crisis. A．YB．NC．NG
Very few people understood his lecture, the subject of which was very ______.A. intelligibleB. obscureC. dimD. conspicuous
Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, ______ themselves.A. expandingB. stretchingC. prolongingD. extending
Ⅰ. 填空题Fill in the blanks using the words given below.integrated ,calm ,outdoor ;evolved ,court ,tablet ,courting ,figgety ,squid ,sipping A 40-something couple sat at table A, a 30-something couple with a child sat at table B, a group of 20-somethings at table C and a courting couple at table D.The 40-something couple had their drinks served. They were both 1.____ their drinks and reading something off their smartphones. The 30-something husband was busy talking on his smartphone while his wife tended to their 2.____ child. At table C, everyone had a laptop or tablet and was very busy with it. Then at table D, the 3.____ couple were actually looking into each other's eyes and talking and laughing. The couple at table A were still reading something off the smartphone while eating. At table B, the husband was still busy talking on his smartphone and eating his food 4.____, but his wife was carrying the child and walking up and down the restaurant, probably 5.____ the child.
Some years ago I was offered a writing assignment that would require three months of travel through Europe. I had been abroad a couple of times，but I could hardly claim to know my way around the continent. Moreover, my knowledge of foreign languages was limited to a little college French. I hesitated. How would I, unable to speak the language, totally unfamiliar with local geography or transportation systems, set up interviews and do research? It seemed impossible, and with considerable regret. I sat down to write a letter begging off. Halfway through, a thought ran through my mind： you can't learn if you don't try. So I accepted the assignment. There were some bad moments. But by the time I had finished the trip I was an experienced traveler. And ever since，I have never hesitated to head for even the most remote of places，without guides or even advanced bookings, confident that somehow I will manage. The point is that the new, the different, is almost scary by definition. But each time you try something, you learn, and as the learning piles up, the world opens to you. I've learned to ski at 40, and flown up the Rhine River in a balloon. And I know I'll go on doing such things. It's not because I'm braver or more daring than others. I'm not. But I'll accept anxiety as another name for challenge and I believe I can accomplish wonders. 1. The author accepted the assignment because _____ A. he had never travelled abroad before B. he hardly knew any foreign languages C. he was familiar with any other country in Europe D. he would learn something new and different by trying 2. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The author had been abroad only twice. B. The author thought the trip was hard but worthwhile. C. The author admitted that anything different was terrible. D. The author must be good at doing research and making interviews. 3. We can infer from the text that the author is _____. A. awkward B. generous C. stubborn D. brave 4. What's the best title of the text? A. An Interesting Trip Abroad B. My First Writing Assignment C. Ready to Try and Challenge D. How to Be Daring and Brave
The streets were empty ______ the policemen on duty.A. besidesB. exceptC. exceptingD. except for
What does the speaker find most suitable for her now?A. Working in a company.B. Starting her own business.C. Testing out different investment strategies.D. Sharing ideas and thoughts through blogging.
Albert Einstein's 1915 masterpiece "The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity" is the first and still the best introduction to the subject，and I recommend it as such to students.But it probably wouldn't be publishable in a scientific journal today. Why not？After all，it would pass with flying colours the tests of correctness and significance.And while popular belief holds that the paper was incomprehensible to its first readers，in fact many papers in theoretical physics are much more difficult. As the physicist Richard Feynman wrote， "There was a time when the newspapers said that only 12 men understood the theory of relativity.I do believe there might have been a time when only one man did，because he was the only guy who caught on，before he wrote his paper.But after people read the paper a lot understood the theory of relativity in some way or other，certainly more than 12." No，the problem is its style.It starts with a leisurely philosophical discussion of space and time and then continues with an exposition of known mathematics.Those two sections，which would be considered extraneous today，take up half the paper.Worse，there are zero citations of previous scientists' work，nor are there any graphics.Those features might make a paper not even get past the first editors. A similar process of professionalization has transformed other parts of the scientific landscape.Requests for research time at major observatories or national laboratories are more rigidly structured.And anything involving work with human subjects，or putting instruments in space，involves piles of paperwork. We see it also in the Regeneron Science Talent Search，the Nobel Prize of high school science competitions.In the early decades of its 78-year history，the winning projects were usually the sort of clever but naive，amateurish efforts one might expect of talented beginners working on their own.Today，polished work coming out of internships （实习） at established laboratories is the norm. These professionalizing tendencies are a natural consequence of the explosive growth of modern science.Standardization and system make it easier to manage the rapid flow of papers，applications and people.But there are serious downsides.A lot of unproductive effort goes into jumping through bureaucratic hoops （繁文缛节），and outsiders face entry barriers at every turn. Of course，Einstein would have found his way to meeting modern standards and publishing his results.Its scientific core wouldn't have changed，but the paper might not be the same taste to read.（1）According to Richard Feynman，Einstein's 1915 paper ____ .A.was a classic in theoretical physicsB.attracted few professionalsC.needed further improvementD.turned out to be comprehensible（2）What does the underlined word "extraneous" in Paragraph 4 mean？ ____ A.Unrealistic.B.Unattractive.C.Irrelevant.D.Imprecise.（3）According to the author，what is affected as modern science develops？ ____ A.The application of research findings.B.The selection of young talents.C.The principle of scientific research.D.The evaluation of laboratories.（4）Which would be the best title for this passage？ ____ A.Could Einstein get published today？B.Will science be professionalized？C.What makes Einstein great？D.How will modern science make advances？
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Responsibilities ______becoming a father.A. charge forB. go withC. save forD. go through
In some families,new adults and kids seem to slip in effortlessly, ____ they have been there all along.A. whileB. thoughC. becauseD. as though
6. The children will now play some pieces of music that they ______ themselves. A.were taught posed C.accomplished D.worked7. While she waited,she tried to ______ her mind with pleasant thoughts of the vacation. A.occupy pose C.think D.intensify8. In the film,the peaceful life of a monk ______ the violent life of a murderer. A.is compared with B.is compared to C.is contrasted to D.is contrasted with9. ______ to pay for an order is simplicity itself. A.Use plastic B.Using plastics C.Using plastic D.Used plastic10. Additional time is required for cooking or ______ homemade dishes. A.chill B.to chill C.chilled D.chilling
If you_________in a job for several years, you may be able to accumulate a lot of work experience and skills that would be beneficial to your future career development.A. have workedB. had workedC. have been workingD. had been working
Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food (51) it is badly cooked. The way a meal is cooked and served is most important and an (52) served meal will often improve a child’s appetite. Never ask a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never (53) likes and dislikes in front of him or allow anybody else to do so. If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother refuses vegetables in the child’s hearing he is (54) to copy this procedure. Take it (55) granted that he likes everything and he probably will. Nothing healthful should be omitted from the meal because of a (56) dislike. At meal times it is a good idea to give a child a small portion and let him (57) back for a second helping rather than give him as much as he is likely to eat all at once. Do not talk too much to the child (58) meal times, but let him get on with his food, and do not allow him to leave the table immediately after a meal or he will soon learn to swallow his food (59) he can hurry back to his toys. Under (60) circumstances must a child be coaxed or forced to eat.55（）。A. withB. asC. overD. for
The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts. Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation. In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal. It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further. The American negotiator’s role becomes that of an impersonal supplier of information and cash. In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator’s position. Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator. Clearly, perceptions and differences in values affect the outcomes of negotiations and the success of negotiators. For Americans to play a more effective role in international business negotiations, they must put forth more effort to improve cross-cultural understanding. [共5题](1)What kind of manager is needed in present international business and foreign investment? [本题2分]A. The man who represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation. B. The man with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. C. The man who is wealthy and impersonal. D. The man who can negotiate with his foreign counterparts.
Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form where necessary.Each word can be used only once. budget defy dilemma diverseloyalty manipulate objectivePerspective tackle urge （1）The ____ of the "upright"message is to ask people to save，while the "permissive"message asks people to spend.（2）If you find yourself in a（n） ____ about what is the right decision for your career，speak to a career counselor.（3）It is important for parents to listen to their children's opinion because they may have a very different ____ on the things they've seen.（4）To cater for the different tastes of athletes from all over the world，the organizers of the Beijing Winter Olympics prepared ____ dishes.（5）If you want to save money for a rainy day making a（n） ____ is the first step you may want to take because it gives you a clear plan.（6）The Chinese legend goes that Yue Fei's mother tattooed four Chinese characters on his back to remind him of the importance of ____ to the nation.（7）When children are addicted to online games，they would often ____ their parents and stay online for hours every day.（8）The report goes on to ____ the technicians to take a more active role in developing the standards of artificial intelligence.
We were always encouraged to focus on constructing the most out of the situation ______. A. at hand B. on hand C. in hand D. by hand
Dreams can be a rich source of ___________ for an artist. (inspire)
26)Could she picture him ___ politics with her father in the drawing-room at her home ?A. discussingB. to discussC. as to discussD. that discusses
1.A:Here is my business card.-|||-B: __-|||-A.Yes,the heat is killing me. B.Wonderful.Is it between-|||-school teams?-|||-C.Thank you for the nice party D.Thanks.This is mine.-|||-2.Alice:Is there any typical Chinese festival you celebrate every year?-|||-Bob: __-|||-A.Yes,the heat is killing me. B. I bet it will.-|||-C.It`s so stuffy and no wind at all. D.Yes,there are many.The-|||-Dragon Boat Festival is one of them.
These drugs are available over-the-counter without a(n)__________. （）A. infectionB. dosageC. prescription
Never before in my career _ _ of an assignment A have l frightened B had I frightened C had I been frightened D have I been frightened
Americans experience more food recalls (召回) today than they did five years ago, especially when it comes to meat and poultry (家禽). Meat and poultry recalls increased by two-thirds from 2013 to 2018, while food recalls overall went up 10%, according to the report recently published by the U.S. Public Interest Research Group.Meanwhile, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates (估计) 48 million people get sick, 128,000 are hospitalized and 3,000 die from food-borne disease each year in the U.S. "We are looking for the farm-to-fork preventative solutions," said Adam Garber, the research group's consumer watchdog. "By doing that, we can protect people's health."Over the five-year period, poultry posted the most recalls (168), followed by beef (137) and pork (128). The report shows the most serious meat recalls are on the rise. Among meat and poultry, the number of Class I recalls has increased by 83%, nearly doubling. Class I, the most serious of the recalls, is issued when there is a reasonable probability that the food will cause health problems or death.53. When would Class I recalls be issued?A. When the food is likely to cause health problems or death.B. When there are too many complaints from customers.C. When the food problem lasts for five years.D. When the product quality is below standard.
Whenever I have trouble ( ) many problems, I ask Jack for help.A. dealing withB. to deal withC. on dealing withD. deal with
The Harry Potter series, written by J.K. Rowling, is perhaps the most popular set of novels of the modern era. With seven books and many successful films to its name, the series has gathered about 15 billion dollars in sales. How did the series become so popular? The reason can be broken down into several areas.The first book in the series was rejected 12 times before it was picked up by Bloomsbury—a small publisher in England. So receiving this contract was Rowling's first step to success. However, getting a book contract does not ensure the success of a book. The story was soon loved by children and adults alike. In light of this, Bloomsbury Publishing published a second version of the books with “adult” (less colorful and more boring) book covers. This made it easier for a full range of ages to enjoy the series.Another factor that worked like a charm was that the publisher and Rowling herself, through the books, conducted midnight releases, promotions, and pre-ordering more readers. Customers who feared that their local bookstore would run out of copies responded by pre-ordering over 700,000 copies before the July 8, 2000 release.What does the underlined word “releases” (Para. 3) mean?A. The activity that frees or expresses energy or emotion.B. The announcement about the book’s publishing information.C. The sales of books that is available only at midnight.
The coming of the railways in the 1830s ________ our society and economic life.A. transferredB. transformedC. transportedD. transmitted
23．有一串钥匙在沙发上。Aset of keys _______on the sofa./ There is _________on the sofa.24．问李老师要你的书吧。________Ms. Li ________yourbook!25．请给老赵打电话。_________Old Zhao ______13096935553..26．这条蓝色的裤子是他的吗？Isthis pair of trousers _________?27．我的父母在第一张照片里。_______________are in the first photo.28．谢谢你帮助我。Thankyou for ________________./ Thank you for _____________.29．那个女孩姓王。Thegirl’s __________is Wang./ The girl’s ______________is Wang.30．那只小狗叫什么名字？What’s__________the dog? / What’s ____________name?31．今天玩得开心点！___________today! / Have a good time today!32．这有两张漂亮的她家的全家福。Here_______two nice photos of her family.
Elder and weaker Mr. Mag paid_visits to his old friends.A. scarceB. rare()C. insufficientD. inadequate