阅读下面的文字，完成下面小题。 肥胖正在要我们的命。世界各地的人们正在食用过多的错误食物，这为全球健康灾难打下了基础。超过20亿人处于超重或肥胖状态，超过3.4亿5一19岁的儿童和青少年超重或肥胖，占全球这一年龄群体人口的18%，而在1975年，这个比例只有4%。这不再是富裕世界的独有问题：超过1000万非洲儿童处于超重或肥胖状态。高达20%的全球医疗保健支出被用于肥胖问题，包括预防和治疗肥胖或者相关疾病，比如心脏病和Ⅱ型糖尿病。政府预算正在像腰围一样危险地膨胀。这个无法回避的问题是高脂肪高糖分食物造成的。我们选择这类食物的一个原因在于，它们通常比更有营养、脂肪较少的食物便宜。另一个驱动力是味道：我们觉得这些食物比扁豆、甘蓝和芹菜更加可口。实际上，研究表明，我们不仅认为不健康的食物更加可口，而且更喜欢吃被我们认为不健康的食物。 对抗肥胖最常见的策略是通过奖励或惩罚诱导我们回避可口的食物。一些国家通过征收糖税以及其他管理措施激励食品制造商减少脂肪和糖分的含量。基于自我克制的饮食计划已经发展了几十年。父母将西兰花隐藏在意面酱中，或者承诺提供甜食奖励，以便让孩子摄入西兰花。这些策略似乎都不太奏效。虽然每年有数十亿美元被用在饮食计划、替代食品和泻药上，但是肥胖率仍然在持续上升。更加成功的方法是改变我们对于低糖低脂营养食物的看法。我们需要让好东西产生吸引力。 一系列实验展示了人类大脑在受到合适激励时多么容易改变品味。研究人员让被试者品尝两杯相同的葡萄酒，并且宣称两个杯子里装的是价格不同的产品。被试者表示，在饮用他们所认为更加昂贵的葡萄酒时，他们感到更加快乐。这不是想象的作用。当他们在功能性磁共振扫描仪中进行同样的实验时，饮用他们所认为的昂贵葡萄酒的被试者大脑中与快乐体验相关的区域出现了更加活跃的神经活动，他们的确更加享受这种味道。巧克力实验也得到了相同的结果。看起来，当我们拥有享受预期时，我们更容易享受某种事物。这一现象适用于从电影到啤酒的各种消费品，被称为“营销安慰剂效应”。这是因为，从生物学上说，快乐本身不是目的，而是一种机制，是为了劝说我们追求对进化有用的目标。这种机制可以得到重新校正。这意味着如果你能说服自己相信西兰花很好吃，你就会发现西兰花真的很好吃，你的前额叶皮层也会真的出现与快乐相关的神经活动。 对于对西兰花具有固定看法的成年人来说，这项技巧很难实施。不过，如果我们接受这个研究结论，我们也许可以更好地鼓励孩子接受健康饮食。我们并不是出生时就知道我们喜欢吃什么，这是我们从父母和周围人那里学到的。通过奖励或恐吓方式让孩子吃绿叶蔬菜或者将蔬菜藏在蛋糕里的标准技巧只会强化“健康食物很难吃”的预期，使之成为自我实现的预言。相反，如果父母和其他健康饮食倡导者能够传达“健康食物很美味”这一观点，那么根据葡萄酒实验，孩子可能真的会发现它们很美味，并且形成持续一生的健康饮食习惯。 我完全承认，这件事说起来容易，做起来难。不过，研究表明，如果在蔬菜旁边画上蔬菜的卡通人物形象，或者赋予蔬菜吸引人的有趣名字，比如“透视胡萝卜”，那么小学生就会自愿食用更多蔬菜。父母可以充当孩子的榜样，热情地谈论菠菜和糙米，将孩子最喜欢的玩具或布娃娃与花椰菜联系起来，将蘑菇和核桃作为奖励。我们也许可以对我们自己的大脑使用相同的魔法。斯坦福心理系的研究人员调查了名称和标签对于食物选择的影响。他们为大学食堂里随机选择的蔬菜贴上了“放纵式”标签，比如“具有柑橘光泽的古怪胡萝卜”“爆炸性辣椒和用酸橙调味的怪异甜菜”“激情迸发的可爱青豆”。在另一些时候，他们为制作方式完全相同的蔬菜贴上了标准的或者听上去很健康的标签，比如“青豆”或者“碳水化合物含量较少的青豆”。他们观察到，在使用“放纵式”标签时，选择蔬菜的人数和蔬菜摄入总量分别增长了25%和23%。同标准标签相比，强调健康属性的标签并不能使蔬菜更受欢迎，这一发现为传统公共卫生策略带来了重大挑战。如果你不能说服理性的斯坦福学生为了自己的健康选择蔬菜，这种方法就不太可能适用于更加广泛的群体。研究表明，为蔬菜赋予吸引人的名字是个更加有效的方法。 你可能读到过关于人类长期喜爱糖分和脂肪的论述，但是没有神经学证据表明大脑不能通过训练喜欢上卷心菜而不是蛋糕。我们是杂食动物，我们应该可以食用任何食物。“我们努力食用更多蔬菜，但我们没有努力让自己更加喜欢蔬菜，”食物记者比•威尔逊反思道，“这也许是因为，人们几乎普遍相信，我们不可能习得新的口味，摆脱之前的口味。不过，事实恰恰相反。”（摘编自赫克托•麦克唐纳《后真相时代》，刘清山译）（1）下列对原文相关内容的理解和分析，不正确的一项是 ____ A．虽然过多摄入高脂肪高糖分食物会导致肥胖，但受价格与味道驱动，人们仍然乐意购买与食用。B．与通过奖惩诱导人们回避可口食物相比，改变人们对健康营养食物的看法更有助于降低肥胖率。C．“对我们自己的大脑使用相同的魔法”中的“魔法”，指的是赋予蔬菜一个更加吸引人的名字。D．作者与食物记者比•威尔逊都认为，人们通过训练完全可以习得新口味，并摆脱之前的旧口味。（2）根据原文内容，下列说法不正确的一项是 ____ A．我们花费了大量的金钱和精力来对抗肥胖，但是这些努力见效甚微，世界范围内的超重或肥胖人数一直在不断增加。B．“这种机制可以得到重新校正”说明，如果我们相信某种事物，我们就可以接受并且享受这种事物，从而得到快乐。C．“我们并不是出生时就知道我们喜欢吃什么”，可见我们的饮食习惯是后天习得的，而这种习惯不一定是健康的。D．从使蔬菜受欢迎的效果来看，“放纵式”标签要好于强调健康属性的标签，强调健康属性的标签又好于标准标签。（3）下列选项，最适合作为论据来支撑第三段观点的一项是 ____ A．科研人员安东尼奥•兰格尔说：“如果你在认知上确信某种经历是好的，那么将其添加到你目前对于快乐的衡量之中就是合理的。”B．脑科学家王荣认为：“我们的神经系统对大脑中不同的功能系统的信息进行整合，为大脑不断适应外界变化提供了生理学基础。”C．记者沃尔特•李普曼认为：“我们的看法涉及的时空和事物超出了我们的直接观察范围，我们不得不根据他人的说法和我们的想象将它们拼接在一起。”D．作家莎士比亚说：“名字中有什么？虽然我们叫它玫瑰，但若换一个名字，它还是一样甜美。”（4）作者采用了哪些方法来增强自己观点的科学性？请根据文本简要说明。（5）每逢假期胖十斤。暑假将至，又到了父母苦恼于如何为体重超重的孩子安排饮食的时候。请结合文本内容，给这些父母提几条建议。

Directions:In this section, you'll hearalong conversation. At the end oftheconversation, some questions will be asked. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.(1) (单选题)1.A.She was a chef in a restaurant.B.She lost her hearing in a car accident.C.She decided to spend her life creating flavor.D.She started to learn how to use other senses in cooking.(2) (单选题)2.A.Whether the onion is spicy or not.B.Whether the knife is sharp or not.C.Whether the steak is moist or not.D.Whether the water is sweet or not.(3) (单选题)3.A.People will eat less.B.People will drink more.C.People will prefer sweet food.D.People will choose salty food.(4) (单选题)4.A.Music can greatly arouse people’s appetites.B.The high pitch of music makes food sweeter.C.Music can affect how people sense spicy flavorD.Music can influence sweet and bitter flavors.

After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the previous day. The rest that you get while sleeping enables your body to prepare itself for the next day. There are four levels of sleep, each being a little deeper than the one before. As you sleep, your muscles relax little by little. Your heart beats more slowly, and your brain slows down. After you reach the fourth level, your body shifts back and forth from one level of sleep to the other. Although your mind slows down, from time to time you will dream. Scientists who study sleep state that when dreaming occurs, your eyeballs begin to move more quickly (Although your eyelids are closed). This stage of sleep is called REM, which stands for rapid eye movement. If you have trouble falling asleep, some people recommend breathing very deeply. Other people believe that drinking warm milk will help make you . There is also an old suggestion the counting sheep will put you to sleep! A good title for this passage is ____. A. Sleep B. Dreams C. Good Health D. Work and Rest The word drowsy in the last paragraph means ____. A. sick B. asleep C. stand up D. a little sleepy This passage suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you ____. A. dream more often B. have poor health C. nervous D. breathe quickly During REM, ____. A. your eyes move quickly B. you dream C. you are restless D. both A and B The average number of hours of sleep that an adult needs is ____ . A. approximately six hours B. around ten hours C. about eight hours D. not described here

Which of the following rhetoric devices is a dopted in the following sentence: Of course，this mental flexibility doesn’t come from mere distance， a simple change in latitude and longitude( )A Euphemism . B Alliteration . C End rhyme . D Metaphor.

32.翻译题She goes skydiving in her spare time.

What is ______ labor from the point of view of society is ______ play from the individual’s personal point of view. （ ）A. popular; compulsiveB. selective; voluntaryC. necessary; voluntaryD. necessary; compulsive

Coping with Climate Change What we have learned so far about climate changes is affecting our global environment. Studies show that it adversely affects human and natural systems by reducing biodiversity, impairing biological and chemical circles and making it more difficult to restore degraded ecosystems. Climate is not the only factor in the deterioration of natural systems. We are making big changes to the landscape, altering land use and land cover in major ways. These changes combined present a challenge to environmental management. Adaptive management is a scientific approach to managing the adverse impacts of climate and landscape change.Nature and Impacts of Climate Change Every week it seems there is an article about global warming in the news media. It may be difficult for some to grasp the big picture of the issue, but in general, climate change has already or is expected to ・ increase temperatures, particularly in the interior of continents, toward the poles and in winter; ・ boost precipitation(降水量) in wetter areas and suppress precipitation in drier areas; ・ increase rain and decrease snow; ・ lessen peak spring runoff and cause more even year-round flow of water, thereby reducing water availability during summer irrigation and navigation seasons; ・ increase evaporation of water during the summer; ・ enhance the likelihood of lower mean lake levels, drier wetlands, and water shortages, particularly in mountain regions; ・ raise the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods; ・ raise global sea levels, causing some populated coastal areas to become inundated(被淹没的) ; ・ reduce the extent and duration of Arctic sea ice with adverse consequences for marine mammals; ・ increase the losses of glaciers in middle and equatorial latitudes, including premier mountain ecosystems such as Glacier National Park in Montana. Global average temperature had increased by about 0.6℃ over the past 100 years, with a major warming upswing in the 1970s. Warming is the result, in part, of rapid increases in emissions of greenhouse gases(GHG), particularly carbon dioxide(CO2), which is a byproduct of the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, used for power generation and transportation. When global temperatures rise and precipitation patterns change, it is expected there will be consequences on ecosystems, such as an increase in the spread of exotic species, redistributing of plants, animals, energy, water and nutrients; alteration of natural processes and the structure and function of ecosystems. Northerly latitudes are particularly vulnerable to climate change. The Arctic Council, an intergovernmental forum for Arctic nations and indigenous people, reported that the northern ice cap is warming at twice the global rate and the Arctic region is expected to warm a two or three times the rate for rest of the world. Arctic warming will have serious consequences on human and ecology.Nature and Impacts of Landscape Change Landscape change results from natural disturbances and human activities. Natural disturbances include fire, windstorms, avalanches, landslides, tree fall, floods, and insect epidemics. Human activities causing landscape change include conversion of forestland to agriculture, drainage of wetlands, and forest fragmentation form road construction and timber harvesting. Human activities often have a more significant effect on landscapes than natural disturbances because they alter the availability of energy, water, and nutrients to ecosystems; increase the spread of exotic species; accelerate natural processes of ecosystem change; and adversely affect the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Human-induced landscape change has accelerated during the past several decades because of rapid population and economic growth, particularly in countries such as China, India, and Brazil. Landscape change had contributed to a dramatic 1.000-fold increase in species .extinctions over the past 400 years. On a global basis, nearly 1.2 million km2 of forest and woodland and 5.6 million km2 of grassland and pastureland have been converted to other uses. During the last three centuries, 12 million km2 of cropland were lost. Between 1982 and 1997, 121000 km2 of non-federal land were urbanized in the United States. More than 90 percent of the land in the lower 48 states has been logged, plowed, mined, grazed, paved, or otherwise modified from previous conditions. Human-induced landscape change significantly affects wildlife. For example, between 1970 and 2000, rural residential development in the Montana and Wyoming portions of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem increased 400 percent. Consequently, current and potential grizzly bear habitat on private lands in the ecosystem has been degraded and fragmented. Double-digit growth in residential subdivisions adjacent to the National Elk Refuge in Jackson, Wyoming, has diminished winter range for the 10000 elk that use the refuge and displaced corridors that elk use to reach summer range in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Another example of significant impacts from landscape change is the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem. This ecosystem covers the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, and western Montana, United States. Here are some specifics: ・ Most old-growth forests that once existed outside of protected parks and wilderness areas have been harvested. ・ Many rivers in the region have been altered by hydroelectric power development. ・ Significant farm, ranch, and forest acreage has been converted to homes and commercial developments. ・ Lakes and streams have been polluted by agricultural and urban runoff. ・ Fish and wildlife habitats have been degraded. ・ Active and proposed energy developments threaten protected areas. ・ Large areas have been invaded by normative species. The desire to preserve the outstanding wildlife( especially large carnivores) and environmental amenities(舒适 ) from the negative effects of rapid economic growth and development in the northern Rocky Mountain region prompted creation of the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative. The initiative involves 300 conservation organizations and covers an area larger than the states of California and Texas combined, including the Greater Yellowstone and Crown of the Continent Ecosystem.Coping with Climate and Landscape Change Although climate and landscape change has positive effects on human and natural system, it is expected to have many adverse impacts that deserve attention. Ecosystems have an inherent capacity to resist climate and landscape change, known as ecological resilience(复原能). When this capacity is exceeded, the ecosystem can change in ways that may not be socially and ecologically acceptable. So what can be done Mitigation strategies can reduce ecosystem vulnerability. Mitigation strategies are actions to prevent, reduce, or slow climate and/or landscape change. The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which took effect in February 2005, is a prime example of a climate change mitigation strategy. The protocol commits 36 industrialized countries to curb GHG emissions, especially CO2. Limiting increases in global temperature by 2℃ would require keeping atmospheric concentrations of CO2 below 400 parts per million(ppm). Current concentrations are about 375 ppm. Benefits from the Kyoto Protocol may be limited because it does not include some developed countries, which emit substantial GHGs, and developing countries where rapid population and economic growth is expected to dramatically increase GHG emissions. Other mitigation: strategies include increasing the use of alternative energy sources and technologies (clean coal, renewable energy, ethanol, hybrid vehicles, and nuclear power). Although the United States did not sign the Kyoto Protocol, 28 states have programs to curb CO2 emissions, and at least 166 U. S. cities have agreed to apply the Kyoto emission reduction standards to their communities. Other initiatives, like the Apollo Alliance, bring together labor unions, environmental and business groups, and activist: organizations with the mission of sharply reducing U. S. dependence on fossil fuels. The alliance is seeking ways to do the following: ・ power the economy with hydrogen produced from renewable energy resources; ・ implement green construction codes; ・ revitalize urban centers to reduce urban sprawl; ・ determine how industry can store rather than emit carbon into the atmosphere. The Apollo Alliance expects to invest 300 billion in new energy technologies and energy conservation over 10 years as a way to eliminate U. S. dependence on foreign oil and create millions of good-paying jobs. There funds would be raised using tax incentives, public bonds, capital strategies, and other mechanisms.Which of the following is NOT the result of landscape change in the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem A. Old forests once existed in the protected park have been cut down.B. Hydroelectric powers affect the river.C. A mass of land has been converted to residential and commercial regions.D. Lakes and rivers have been polluted by rural and urban runoff.

As you go through this book，you __________ that each of the millions of people who lived through World War II had a different experience．（ ）A. will findB. foundC. had foundD. have found

association available boast extremely finally focus generate glow influence intellectual medium recall relevant share well-known Advertisers can use the podcasting platform in various ways but one uniquely strategic way is to develop their own branded content podcast . These branded podcasts typically 4)____on a specific industry and interview 5) ____guests . Brands can effectively use their community-building podcasting to 6) ___information about their products and services . Not only does podcast advertising 7)____far better brand recall than other widely-used forms of digital advertising,but Nielsen studies revealed that 61% of consumers exposed to podcast ads for 8)____major national brands become more likely to purchase advertised products.

More expressways ________ in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy．（ ）A. are being builtB. will be builtC. have been builtD. had been built