Molly had fought and ___ her fear of flying.A. overcomeB. hitC. sweepD. moderate

Apart from caring for her children, she has to take on such heavy （） housework as carrying water and firewood.A. time-consumedB. timely-consumedC. time-consumingD. timely-consuming

Plastic SurgeryA better credit card is the solution to ever larger hack attacks[A] A thin magnetic stripe（magstripe）is all that stands between your credit-card information and the bad guys. And they've been working hard to break in. That's why 2014 is shaping up as a major showdown: banks, law enforcement and technology companies are all trying to stop a network of hackers who are succeeding in stealing account numbers, names, email addresses and other crucial data used in identity theft. More than 100 million accounts at Target, Neiman Marcus and Michaels stores were affected in some way during the most recent attacks, starting last November.[B] Swipe（刷卡）is the operative word: Cards are increasingly vulnerable to attacks when you make purchases in a store. In several recent incidents, hackers have been able to obtain massive information of credit-, debit-（借记）or prepaid-card numbers using malware, i.e. malicious software, inserted secretly into the retailers' point-of-sale system—the checkout registers. Hackers then sold the data to a second group of criminals operating in shadowy corners of the web. Not long after, the stolen data was showing up on fake cards and being used for online purchases.[C] The solution could cost as little as 2 extra for every piece of plastic issued. The fix is a security technology used heavily outside the U.S. While American credit cards use the 40-year-old magstripe technology to process transactions, much of the rest of the world uses smarter cards with a technology called EMV（short for Europay, MasterCard, Visa）that employs a chip embedded in the card plus a customer PIN（personal identification number）to authenticate（验证）every transaction on the spot. If a purchaser fails to punch in the correct PIN at the checkout, the transaction gets rejected.（Online purchases can be made by setting up a separate transaction code.）[D] Why haven't big banks adopted the more secure technology? When it comes to mailing out new credit cards, it's all about relative costs, says David Robertson, who runs the Nilson Report, an industry newsletter: "The cost of the card, putting the sticker on it, coding the account number and expiration date, embossing（凸印）it, the small envelope—all put together, you're in the dollar range." A chip-and-PIN card currently costs closer to 3, says Robertson, because of the price of chips.（Once large issuers convert together, the chip costs should drop.）[E] Multiply 3 by the more than 5 billion magstripe credit and prepaid cards in circulation in the US. Then consider that there's an estimated 12.4 billion in card fraud on a global basis, says Robertson. With 44% of that in the U.S., American credit-card fraud amounts to about 5.5 billion annually. Card issuers have so far calculated that absorbing the liability for even big hacks like the Target one is still cheaper than replacing all that plastic.[F] That leaves American retailers pretty much alone the world over in relying on magstripe technology to charge purchases—and leaves consumers vulnerable. Each magstripe has three tracks of information, explains payments security expert Jeremy Gumbley, the chief technology officer of CreditCall, an electronic-payments company. The first and third are used by the bank or card issuer. Your vital account information lives on the second track, which hackers try to capture. "Malware is scanning through the memory in real time and looking for data, " he says. "It creates a text file that gets stolen."[G] Chip-and-PIN cards, by contrast, make fake cards or skimming impossible because the information that gets scanned is encrypted（加密）. The historical reason the U.S. has stuck with magstripe, ironically enough, is once superior technology. Our cheap, ultra-reliable wired networks made credit-card authentication over the phone frictionless. In France, card companies created EMV in part because the telephone monopoly was so maddeningly inefficient and expensive. The EMV solution allowed transactions to be verified locally and securely.[H] Some big banks, like Wells Fargo, are now offering to convert your magstripe card to a chip-and-PIN model.（It's actually a hybrid（混合体）that will still have a magstripe, since most U.S. merchants don't have EMV terminals.）Should you take them up on it? If you travel internationally, the answer is yes.[I] Keep in mind, too, that credit cards typically have better liability protection than debit cards. If someone uses your credit card fraudulently（欺诈性地）, it's the issuer or merchant, not you, that takes the hit. Debit cards have different liability limits depending on the bank and the events surrounding any fraud. "If it's available, the logical thing is to get a chip-and-PIN card from your bank, " says Eric Adamowsky, a co-founder of CreditCardlnsider. com. "I would use credit cards over debit cards because of liability issues." Cash still works pretty well too.[J] Retailers and banks stand to benefit from the lower fraud levels of chip-and-PIN cards but have been reluctant for years to invest in the new infrastructure（基础设施）needed for the technology, especially if consumers don't have access to it. It's a chicken-and-egg problem: no one wants to spend the money on upgraded point-of-sale systems that can read the chip cards if shoppers aren't carrying them—yet there's little point in consumers' carrying the fancy plastic if stores aren't equipped to use them.（An earlier effort by Target to move to chip and PIN never gained progress.）According to Gumbley, there's a "you-first mentality. The logjam（僵局）has to be broken."[K] JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon recently expressed his willingness to do so, noting that banks and merchants have spent the past decade suing each other over interchange fees—the percentage of the transaction price they keep—rather than deal with the growing hacking problem. Chase offers a chip-enabled card under its own brand and several others for travel-related companies such as British Airways and Ritz-Carlton.[L] The Target and Neiman hacks have also changed the cost calculation: although retailers have been reluctant to spend the 6.75 billion that Capgemini consultants estimate it will take to convert all their registers to be chip-and-PIN-compatible, the potential liability they now face is dramatically greater. Target has been hit with class actions from hacked consumers. "It's the ultimate nightmare, " a retail executive from a well-known chain admitted to TIME.[M] The card-payment companies MasterCard and Visa are pushing hard for change. The two firms have warned all parties in the transaction chain—merchant, network, bank—that if they don't become EMV-compliant by October 2015, the party that is least compliant will bear the fraud risk.[N] In the meantime, app-equipped smartphones and digital wallets—all of which can use EMV technology—are beginning to make inroads（侵袭）on cards and cash. PayPal, for instance, is testing an app that lets you use your mobile phone to pay on the fly at local merchants—without surrendering any card information to them. And further down the road is biometric authentication, which could be encrypted with, say, a fingerprint.[O] Credit and debit cards, though, are going to be with us for the foreseeable future, and so are hackers, if we stick with magstripe technology. "It seems crazy to me, " says Gumbley, who is English, "that a cutting-edge-technology country is depending on a 40-year-old technology." That's why it may be up to consumers to move the needle on chip and PIN. Says Robertson: "When you get the consumer into a position of worry and inconvenience, that's where the rubber hits the road."It is best to use an EMV card for international travel.Personal information on credit and debit cards is increasingly vulnerable to hacking.The French card companies adopted EMV technology partly because of inefficient telephone service.While many countries use the smarter EMV cards, the U.S. still clings to its old magstripe technology.Attempts are being made to prevent hackers from carrying out identity theft.Credit cards are much safer to use than debit cards.Big banks have been reluctant to switch to more secure technology because of the higher costs involved.The potential liability for retailers using magstripe is far more costly than upgrading their registers.The use of magstripe cards by American retailers leaves consumers exposed to the risks of losing account information.Consumers will be a driving force behind the conversion from magstripe to EMV technology..

It took them about one month to _ how to start the equipment. A. empty out B. figure out C. clear out D. try out

_his ability Tom chose his career as a dentist.A. According toB. In caseC. On the basisD. According as

Economic inequality is the "defining challenge of our time", President Barack Obama declared in a speech last month to the Center for American Progress. Inequality is dangerous, he argued, not merely because it doesn't look good to have a large gap between the rich and the poor, but because inequality itself destroys upward mobility, making it harder for the poor to escape from poverty. "Increased inequality and decreasing mobility pose a fundamental threat to the American Dream," he said.Obama is only the most prominent public figure to declare inequality Public Enemy No. 1 and the greatest threat to reducing poverty in America. A number of prominent economists have also argued that it's harder for the poor to climb the economic ladder today because the rungs（横档）in that ladder have grown farther apart.For all the new attention devoted to the 1 percent, a new dataset from the Equality of Opportunity Project at Harvard and Berkeley suggests that, if we care about upward mobility overall, we're vastly exaggerating the dangers of the rich-poor gap. Inequality itself is not a particularly strong predictor of economic mobility, as sociologist Scott Winship noted in a recent article based on his analysis of this data.So what factors, at the community level, do predict if poor children will move up the economic ladder as adults? What explains, for instance, why the Salt Lake City metro area is one of the 100 largest metropolitan areas most likely to lift the fortunes of the poor and the Atlanta metro area is one of the least likely?Harvard economist Raj Cherty has pointed to economic and racial segregation, community density, the size of a community's middle class, the quality of schools, community religiosity, and family structure, which he calls the "single strongest correlate of upward mobility". Chetty finds that communities like Salt Lake City, with high levels of two-parent families and religiosity, are much more likely to see poor children get ahead than communities like Atlanta, with high levels of racial and economic segregation. Chetty has not yet issued a comprehensive analysis of the relative predictive power of each of these factors. Based on my analyses of the data. of the factors that Chetty has highlighted, the following three seem to be most predictive of upward mobility in a given community:1. Per-capita（人均）income growth2. Prevalence of single mothers (where correlation is strong, but negative)3. Per-capita local government spendingIn other words, communities with high levels of per-capita income growth, high percentages of two-parent families, and high local government spending-which may stand for good schools-are the most likely to help poor children relive Horatio Alger's rags-to-riches story. (1)How does Obama view economic inequality? A.It is the biggest obstacle to social mobility. B.It is the greatest threat to social stability. C.It is the NO. 1 enemy of income growth. D.It is the most malicious social evil of our time. (2)What do we learn about the inequality gap from Scott Winship's data analysis? A.It is fast widening across most parts of America. B.It is not a reliable indicator of economic mobility. C.It is not correctly interpreted. D.It is overwhelmingly ignored. (3)Compared with Atlanta, metropolitan Salt Lake City is said to . A.have placed religious beliefs above party politics B.have bridged the gap between the rich and the poor C.offer poor children more chances to climb the social ladder D.suffer from higher levels of racial and economic segregation (4)What is strongly correlated with social mobility according to economist Raj Cherty? A.Family structure. B.Racial equality. C.School education. D.Community density. (5)What does the author seem to suggest? A.It is important to increase the size of the middle class. B.It is highly important to expand the metropolitan areas. C.It is most imperative to focus our efforts on the elimination of income inequality. D.It is better to start from the community to help poor children move up the social ladder.

A special feature of education at MIT is the opportunity for students and faculty to_____together in research activities.A. involveB. specializeC. participateD. const

Part II Reading Comprchension 30%,2%×15)-|||-Direction: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions.For each of-|||-them there are four choices marked A.,B.,C.,and D..You should decide which ONE is the best answer.-|||-Then blacken the corresponding letter on the answer card with a pencll.-|||-Passage One-|||-Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:-|||-Air is all around you.You cannot see it,smell it,or taste it,but you can feel the wind blow You-|||-can see the wind move waves on the water,clouds in the sky,and tree branches.Wind is moving air.-|||-Without air you could not breathe.There could be no living plants or animals. Because sound-|||-travel through air,without air there would be silence,the movement of invisible air can support a-|||-large heavy airplane.Air makes up a precious blanket of atmosphere wrapped around the earth-|||-Beyond this blanket lies airless space,men must carry their own air supplies to be able to live and-|||-work when they travel in spaceships through this airless spacc.-|||-Air is a mixture of gases and water vapor.The most important gases in the air are nitrogen and-|||-orygen.About 78 percent of the air is made up of nitrogen and about 21 percent of orygen.The-|||-remaining one percent is mostly argon (盆),plus very tiny amounts of some other gases.Almost all-|||-living things use the oxygen in air.Fire cannot buru without oxygen.-|||-21.You can feel the air when it __-|||-A.is still B.is around you-|||-C.moves D.keeps quiet-|||-22.You_ __ sound if there is no air.-|||-A.can hear B.can`t hear any-|||-C.can make D.are still able to hear-|||-23.All air around the earth is called __-|||-A.atmosphere B.blanket-|||-C.space D.air supplies-|||-24.Living things depend mostly on the __ air.-|||-A. uitrogen B.argon-|||-C.hydrogen D.oxygen-|||-说明:1.试题间不留答题空间,不得超出边框:-|||-2.,学生作答时,所有答案均按蹊号顺序写在答题纸上:-|||-算10 18页

Last October，while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small （6） ______ （carrot） and was about to throw them away．But something made her look closer，and she noticed a（57） ______ （shine） object．Yes，there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her long-lost wedding ring． Pahlsson screamed（58） ______ loudly that her daughter came running from the house．"she thought I had hurt（59） ______ （I），"says Pahlsson． Sixteen years（60） ______ （early），Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring（61） ______ （cook）a meal．When she wanted to put the ring back on later，it was gone．She suspected that one of her three daughters-then ten，eight，and six-had picked it up，but the girls said they hadn't．Pahlsson and her husband（62） ______ （search） the kitchen，checking every corner，but turned up nothing．"I gave up hope of finding my ring again，"she says．She never replaced it． Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got（63） ______ （sweep） into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden，（64） ______ it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted （生长） through it．For Pahlsson，its return was（65） ______ wonder． (1) A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J (2) A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J (3) A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J (4) A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J (5) A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J (6) A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J (7) A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J (8) A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J (9) A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J (10) A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J

Why did American city residents want to live in the suburbs after World War Ⅱ?A. Because older American cities were dying.B. Because they were richer and needed more space.C. Because cities contained the worst parts of society.D. Because they could hardly afford to live in the city.