查看材料A.One that follows a clear formula.B.One with evidence leading to conclusion.C.One full of descriptive words.D.One with shorter but well-organized sentences.

English words are usually formed in four ways:- affixation (词缀法) including prefixation (前缀法), such as impossible, rewrite, and suffixation (后缀法), such as useful, visually, pursuer, motivation;- compounding (合成法), such as software, well-known, 3-year-old;- abbreviation (缩略法), such as DI, USA;- conversion (词性转换法).Conversion is done when a word changes its class without any change of its form. Its typical (典型的) cases include noun → verb, verb → noun, adjective → noun and adjective → verb, such astutor n. → v. change v. → n. red adj. → n. lower adj. → v.In the text there are some words used in the same way. Can you find any of them? And can you list any other words like them?

({B)} Don’t Destroy the Essential Catalyst of Risk({/B)} Since the spring, and most acutely this autumn, a global contagion (传染)of fear and panic has choked off the arteries of finance, compounding a broader deterioration in the global economy. Financial institutions have an obligation to the broader financial system. We depend on a healthy, well-functioning system but we failed to raise enough questions about whether some of the trends and practices that had become commonplace really served the public’s long-term interests.({B)}Seven important lessons({/B)} As policymakers and regulators begin to consider the regulatory actions to be taken to address the fallings, I believe it is useful to reflect on some of the lessons from tiffs crisis. The first is that risk management should not be entirely predicated on historical data. In the past several months, we have heard the phrase" multiple standard deviation events" more than a few times. If events that were calculated to occur once in 20 years in fact occurred much more regularly, it does not take a mathematician to figure out that risk management assumptions did not reflect the distribution of the actual outcomes. Our industry must do more to enhance and improve scenario analysis and stress testing. Second, too many financial institutions and investors simply outsourced their risk management. Rather than undertake their own analysis, they relied on the rating agencies to do the essential work of risk analysis for them. This was true at the inception(初期)and over the period of the investment, during which time they did not consider other indicators of financial deterioration. This over-dependence on credit ratings coincided with the dilution of the desired triple A-rating. In January 2008, there were 12 triple A-rated companies in the world. At the same time, there were 64, 000 structured finance instruments, such as collateralized debt obligations, rated triple A. It is easy and appropriate to blame the rating agencies for lapses in their credit judgments. But the blame for the result is not theirs ’alone. Every financial institution that participated in the process has to accept its share of the responsibility. Third, size matters. For example, whether you owned 5 billion or 50 billion of (supposedly) low-risk super senior debt in a CDO, the likelihood of losses was, proportionally, the same. But the consequences of a miscalculation were obviously much bigger if you had a 50 billion exposure. Fourth, many risk models incorrectly assumed that positions could be fully hedged. After the collapse of Long-Term Capital Management mid the crisis in emerging markets in 1998, new products such as various basket indices and credit default swaps were created to help offset a number of risks. However, we did not, as an industry, consider carefully enough the possibility that liquidity would dry up, making it difficult to apply effective hedges. Fifth, risk models failed to capture the risk inherent in off-balance sheet activities, such as structured investment vehicles. It seems clear now that managers of companies with large off-balance sheet exposure did not appreciate the full magnitude of the economic risks they were exposed to; equally worrying, their counterparties were unaware of the full extent of these vehicles and, therefore, could not accurately assess the risk of doing business. Sixth, complexity got the better of us. The industry let the growth in new instruments outstrip(超过)the operational capacity to manage them. As a result, operational risk increased dramatically and tiffs had a direct effect on the overall stability of the financial system. Last, and perhaps most important, financial institutions did not account for asset values accurately enough. I have heard some argue that fair value accounting -- which assigns current values to financial assets and liabilities -- is one of the main factors exacerbating(使恶化) the credit crisis. I see it differently. If more institutions had properly valued their positions and commitments at the outset, they would have been in a much better position to reduce their exposures.({B)}Fair value: a discipline for financial institutions({/B)} The daily marking of positions to current market prices was a key contributor to our decision to reduce risk relatively early in markets and in instruments that were deteriorating. This process can be difficult, and sometimes painful, but I believe it is a discipline that should define financial institutions. As a result of these lessons and others that will emerge from this financial crisis, we should consider important principles for our industry, for policymakers and for regulators. For the industry, we cannot let our ability to innovate exceed our capacity to manage. Given the size and interconnected nature of markets, the growth in volumes, the global nature of trades and their cross-asset characteristics, managing operational risk will only become more important. Risk and control functions need to be completely independent from the business units. And clarity as to whom risk and control managers report to is crucial to maintaining that independence. Equally important, risk managers need to have at least equal stature with their counterparts on the trading desks: if there is a question about the value of a position or a disagreement about a risk limit, the risk manager’s view should always prevail. Understandably, compensation continues to generate a lot of anger and controversy. We recognize that having troubled asset relief programme money creates an important context for compensation. That is why, in part, our executive management team elected not to receive a bonus in 2008, even though the firm produced a profit. More generally, we should apply basic standards to how we compensate people in our industry. The percentage of the discretionary (任意的)bonus awarded in equity should increase significantly as an employee’s total compensation increases. An individual’s performance should be evaluated over time so as to avoid excessive risk-taking. To ensure this, all equity awards need to be subject to future delivery and/or deferred exercise. Senior executive officers should be required to retain most of the equity they receive at least until they retire, while equity delivery schedules should continue to apply after the individual has left the firm.({B)}Limitations of self regulation({/B)} For policymakers and regulators, it should be clear that self-regulation has its limits. We rationalized and justified the downward pricing of risk on the grounds that it was different. We did so because our self-interest in preserving and expanding our market share, as competitors, sometimes blinds us -- especially when exuberance is at its peak. At the very least, fixing a system-wide problem, elevating standards or driving the industry to a collective response requires effective central regulation and the convening power of regulators. Capital, credit and underwriting standards should be subject to more" dynamic regulation". Regulators should consider the regulatory inputs and outputs needed to ensure a regime that is nimble and strong enough to identify and appropriately constrain market excesses, particularly in a sustained period of economic growth. Just as the Federal Reserve adjusts interest rates up to curb economic frenzy, various benchmarks and ratios could be appropriately calibrated. To increase overall transparency and help ensure that book value really means book value, regulators should require that, all assets across financial institutions be similarly valued. Fair value accounting gives investors more clarity with respect to balance sheet risk. The level of global supervisory co-ordination and communication should reflect the global interconnectedness of markets. Regulators should implement more robust information sharing and harmonized disclosure, coupled with a more systemic, effective reporting regime for institutions and main market participants. Without this, regulators will lack essential tools to help them understand levels of systemic vulnerability in the banking sector and in financial markets more broadly. In this vein, all pools of capital that depend on the smooth functioning of the financial system and are large enough to be a burden on it in a crisis should be subject to some degree of regulation.The author believes that financial institutions can reduce credit crisis if ______. A．positions and commitments were initially assessed preciselyB．asset values were accounted for properlyC．financial liabilities were assigned preciselyD．positions were valued fairly

1-4-|||-A.Listening for gist.Listen to the recording and give answers to the following questions.-|||-1.What is the man doing?-|||-2.Who is the woman?-|||-lì B.Listening for details.-|||-Track 1-4-|||-1.Listen to the recording again and number the questions l to 5 in the order the man asks them.-|||-Census Form of-|||-square What`s your name? +-|||-square How old are you?-|||-square Are you married or single? 3-|||-square Where are you from? A census counts the number-|||-square What do you do? asks questions about age-|||-of people in a country. It also-|||-job,and other information.-|||-2.Give detailed information about the woman.-|||-Name __-|||-Marital status __-|||-Sex __-|||-Job __-|||-Age __-|||-Nationality __

材料题请点击右侧查看材料问题 查看材料A.Teaching English in India.B.Recruiting international students.C.Helping students improve their writing.D.Creating a good writing structure.

Questions I and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.-|||-1.A)He noticed the driver was too young to drive.-|||-B)He found there was no one sitting at the wheel.-|||-C)He thought something must be wrong with the driver.-|||-D)He saw the driver changing lanes much too frequently.-|||-2.A)Buy a sports car. C)Leave California.-|||-B)Drive across town. D)Visit his sister.

Film School Choosing the Film School Program that is Right for You Researching Film School Options Film School Location Film School that Meets Your Career Needs Film School Degrees vs. Film School Diplomas Applying to Film School Making an Application Film for Film School Other Requirements for Film School ApplicationsWhich should one choose if he or she wants to produce an artistic film to explore the intricacies of human psychology（） A. Industry film school. B. Independent film school. C. Experimental film school. D. Documentary film school. A. Film School B. Film schools and film directing schools provide aspiring film students with a solid understanding of the many facets of the film industry. While graduating from one of the many top film schools or film directing schools does not ensure a film school graduate success in the film industry, it certainly increases the odds in his or her favor. The film industry is becoming much more competitive and graduates of film schools or film directing schools have more doors opened to them because of their film school or film directing school diploma or degree. Because graduating from one of the many film schools and film directing schools requires lots of time and money, make sure that film school or film directing school is, in fact, the option that will best help you reach your film career goals. C. Choosing the Film School Program that is Right for You D. The film industry is a lucrative, multi-faceted one. Depending on what part of film production and movie making you would like to learn, there is a film school or film directing school for you. Top film schools and film directing schools are located all over the United States, and choosing the right one can often prove very difficult to a prospective film student. E. Researching Film School Options F. Due to the increasing demand of film-related jobs, film schools have been increasing in number. However, not all of these film schools issue film degrees or film diplomas that are taken seriously in the film industry. To be sure that you avoid attending one of these film schools, make sure you do plenty of research on the film school. Some questions you may want ask yourself are: G. · Has this film school or film directing school been around for a while H. · Is this film school or film directing school affiliated with a major university I. · Does this film school have the credentials to back up its program J. · Have this film school’s teachers worked in the industry

She is so ___ that she believes everything he tells her.A. nastyB. notoriousC. naiveD. notable

29 Trust is fundamental to life. If you can’t trust anything, life becomes intolerable. You can’t have relationships without trust, let alone good ones. In the workplace, too, trust is 26. An organization without trust will be full of fear and 27. If you work for a boss who doesn’t trust their employees to do things right, you’ll have a 28time. They’ll be checking up on you all the time, correcting “mistakes” and 29reminding you to do this or that. Colleagues who don’t trust one another will need to spend more time 30their backs than doing any useful work. Organizations are always trying to cut costs. Think of all the additional tasks caused by lack of trust. Audit (审计) departments only exist because of it. Companies keep large volumes of 31because they don’t trust their suppliers, their contractors or their customers. Probably more than half of all administrative work is only there because of an ever-existing sense that “you can’t trust anyone these days.” If even a small part of such valueless work could be 32, the savings would run into millions of dollars. All this is extra work we 33onto ourselves because we don’t trust people—the checking, following through, doing things ourselves because we don’t believe others will do them 34—or at all. If we took all that away, how much extra time would we suddenly find in our life? How much of our work 35would disappear?A、constantly B、credible C、essential D、exploring E、gather F、load G、miserable A.pressureB.properly C.records D.removed E.stacks F.suspicion G.tracked H.watching