题目
According to sociologists (社会学家), there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer (授予) leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment (招聘). Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders ." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to reduce tension and conflict to the minimum among them. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit (抑制) achievement of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.1. According to the passage, how is the leadership recognized among friends?A) The leaders are recruited.B) The leaders are conferred by parents.C) The leaders come forth over time. D) The leaders are chosen formally.2. What is writer's opinion of "natural leaders" (Para. 2)?A) They have unusual personal ability.B) There are two categories of them.C) There's no evidence of their existence. D) They are born with qualities for leadership.3. What is the main concern of the instrumental leaders?A) The welfare of the group members.B) The accomplishment of the goals. C) The orders and discipline.D) The relationship with other group members.4. Which of the following is true about expressive leaders?A) They focus on the completion of tasks.B) They offer solutions when group members experience difficulties.C) They try to maintain compatible relationship among group members. D) They do not care about the overall goals of the group.5. What can we infer from the passage?A) Leadership is recognized by sociologists.B) Almost every person can be a leader. C) Expressive leaders are better at communications.D) Instrumental leaders are more likely to be successful.
According to sociologists (社会学家), there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer (授予) leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment (招聘). Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders ." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to reduce tension and conflict to the minimum among them. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit (抑制) achievement of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.1. According to the passage, how is the leadership recognized among friends?A) The leaders are recruited.B) The leaders are conferred by parents.C) The leaders come forth over time. D) The leaders are chosen formally.2. What is writer's opinion of "natural leaders" (Para. 2)?A) They have unusual personal ability.B) There are two categories of them.C) There's no evidence of their existence. D) They are born with qualities for leadership.3. What is the main concern of the instrumental leaders?A) The welfare of the group members.B) The accomplishment of the goals. C) The orders and discipline.D) The relationship with other group members.4. Which of the following is true about expressive leaders?A) They focus on the completion of tasks.B) They offer solutions when group members experience difficulties.C) They try to maintain compatible relationship among group members. D) They do not care about the overall goals of the group.5. What can we infer from the passage?A) Leadership is recognized by sociologists.B) Almost every person can be a leader. C) Expressive leaders are better at communications.D) Instrumental leaders are more likely to be successful.
题目解答
答案
1、答案：C2、答案：C3、答案：B4、答案：C5、答案：B
解析
考查要点：本题主要考查对社会学中领导力类型的理解，包括领导产生的不同方式、工具型领导（instrumental leadership）与表现型领导（expressive leadership）的区别，以及文章隐含的推断能力。
解题核心思路：
- 定位关键信息：根据问题关键词（如“friends”“natural leaders”“instrumental leaders”）快速定位文章段落。
- 区分概念：明确工具型领导关注任务完成，表现型领导关注情感支持。
- 推断能力：结合文章整体逻辑，判断作者未直接说明但可推断出的观点（如“几乎每个人都可以成为领导者”）。
破题关键点：
- 第1题：注意“friendship groups”对应的领导产生方式。
- 第2题：抓住“natural leaders”相关描述中的否定表述。
- 第5题：综合文章首段关于领导普遍性的论述。
第1题
关键句：
"In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders..."
解析：
文章明确指出，在友谊群体中，领导是逐渐“浮现”（emerge）的，而非通过正式程序或遗传。因此选C。
第2题
关键句：
"Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of 'natural leaders'."
解析：
作者认为“自然领导者”的存在缺乏一致证据，暗示其可能不存在。因此选C。
第3题
关键句：
"Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group."
解析：
工具型领导的核心目标是完成任务，因此选B。
第4题
关键句：
"Expressive leaders... attempt to reduce tension and conflict to the minimum among them."
解析：
表现型领导通过维护和谐关系（compatible relationship）减少矛盾，因此选C。
第5题
关键句：
"virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group."
解析：
文章认为领导是特定情境下的产物，而非固定特质，因此“几乎每个人都可以成为领导者”可推断。选B。