题目
4、已知平面力场vec(F)=(x^2-y,x+sin^2y),求质点沿路线L:y=sqrt(2x-x^2)由点O(0,0)移动到点A(2,0)时场力所作的功.
4、已知平面力场$\vec{F}=(x^{2}-y,x+\sin^{2}y)$,求质点沿路线$L:y=\sqrt{2x-x^{2}}$由点O(0,0)移动到点A(2,0)时场力所作的功.
题目解答
答案
为了求出质点沿路线 $ L: y = \sqrt{2x - x^2} $ 由点 $ O(0,0) $ 移动到点 $ A(2,0) $ 时场力 $ \vec{F} = (x^2 - y, x + \sin^2 y) $ 所作的功,我们需要计算场力沿曲线 $ L $ 的线积分。功 $ W $ 由下式给出:
\[ W = \int_L \vec{F} \cdot d\vec{r} \]
其中 $ d\vec{r} = (dx, dy) $。因此,我们有:
\[ W = \int_L (x^2 - y) \, dx + (x + \sin^2 y) \, dy \]
曲线 $ L $ 由 $ y = \sqrt{2x - x^2} $ 给出。为了将积分表示为 $ x $ 的函数,我们首先找到 $ dy $:
\[ dy = \frac{d}{dx} \left( \sqrt{2x - x^2} \right) \, dx = \frac{2 - 2x}{2\sqrt{2x - x^2}} \, dx = \frac{1 - x}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} \, dx \]
将 $ y = \sqrt{2x - x^2} $ 和 $ dy = \frac{1 - x}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} \, dx $ 代入线积分,我们得到:
\[ W = \int_0^2 \left[ (x^2 - \sqrt{2x - x^2}) \, dx + (x + \sin^2 \sqrt{2x - x^2}) \, \frac{1 - x}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} \, dx \right] \]
将项合并到一个积分中,我们有:
\[ W = \int_0^2 \left[ x^2 - \sqrt{2x - x^2} + \frac{(x + \sin^2 \sqrt{2x - x^2})(1 - x)}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} \right] \, dx \]
简化被积函数:
\[ W = \int_0^2 \left[ x^2 - \sqrt{2x - x^2} + \frac{x - x^2 + \sin^2 \sqrt{2x - x^2} - x \sin^2 \sqrt{2x - x^2}}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} \right] \, dx \]
\[ W = \int_0^2 \left[ x^2 - \sqrt{2x - x^2} + \frac{x - x^2}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} + \frac{\sin^2 \sqrt{2x - x^2}}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} - \frac{x \sin^2 \sqrt{2x - x^2}}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} \right] \, dx \]
注意到 $ \frac{x - x^2}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} = \frac{- (x^2 - 2x + 1) + 1}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} = \frac{-(x-1)^2 + 1}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} = \frac{1 - (x-1)^2}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} = \frac{1 - (x-1)^2}{\sqrt{1 - (x-1)^2}} = \sqrt{1 - (x-1)^2} $.
因此,被积函数简化为:
\[ W = \int_0^2 \left[ x^2 - \sqrt{2x - x^2} + \sqrt{1 - (x-1)^2} + \frac{\sin^2 \sqrt{2x - x^2}}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} - \frac{x \sin^2 \sqrt{2x - x^2}}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} \right] \, dx \]
由于 $ \sqrt{2x - x^2} = \sqrt{1 - (x-1)^2} $, 项 $ -\sqrt{2x - x^2} $ 和 $ \sqrt{1 - (x-1)^2} $ 相互抵消:
\[ W = \int_0^2 \left[ x^2 + \frac{\sin^2 \sqrt{2x - x^2}}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} - \frac{x \sin^2 \sqrt{2x - x^2}}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} \right] \, dx \]
然而,由于 $ \frac{\sin^2 \sqrt{2x - x^2}}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} - \frac{x \sin^2 \sqrt{2x - x^2}}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} = \frac{(1 - x) \sin^2 \sqrt{2x - x^2}}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} $ 并且 $ \sin^2 \sqrt{2x - x^2} $ 是一个在 $ [0,2] $ 上对称的函数,当乘以 $ \frac{1 - x}{\sqrt{2x - x^2}} $ 时,其积分在 $ [0,2] $ 上为零,我们剩下:
\[ W = \int_0^2 x^2 \, dx \]
计算这个积分:
\[ W = \left[ \frac{x^3}{3} \right]_0^2 = \frac{2^3}{3} - \frac{0^3}{3} = \frac{8}{3} \]
因此,场力所作的功为:
\[ \boxed{\frac{8}{3}} \]