6 . Human beings are not alone in having invented vaccination, while honeybees got there first and they can run what look like vaccination programmes, which has been confirmed by Gyan Harwood of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Queen bees vaccinate their eggs before they are laid. But the question is how the queen receives her antigen supply, for she lives purely on royal jelly, a substance secreted by nurse bees when they are in the life stage of feeding the young. Dr Harwood wondered if the nurses combined the royal jelly they produced with pieces from pathogens they had consumed while eating something brought in from outside. To test this idea, they collected about 150 nurse bees and divided them among six queenless mini hives equipped with the young to look after. They fed the nurses on sugar-water, and for three of the hives they added Paenibacillus larvae, a bacterium causing a disease, to sugar-water. Dr Harwood and Dr Salmela labeled the bacteria with a certain dye, to make them easy to track. And, sure enough, microscope confirmed that Paenibacillus larvae were getting into royal jelly secreted by those bees which had been fed with the sugar-water. Moreover, examination of this royal jelly revealed higher levels of defensive substance, compared with royal jelly from bees that had not been mixed with Paenibacillus larvae. This substance is thought to help bee immune systems fight against bacterial infections. All told, these findings suggest that nurse bees are indeed, via their royal jelly, passing antigens on to the queen, then into eggs. They also mean, because the young receive royal jelly for the first few days after they hatch, the nurses are giving the young the second antigens. Each young bee is therefore being vaccinated twice.【小题1】What puzzled Dr Harwood from paragraph 2?A．What the royal jelly consists of.B．Where nurse bees receive pathogens.C．How the antigen come into the queen bees' bodies.D．Whether honeybees run vaccination earlier than man.【小题2】How did Dr Harwood develop his experiment?A．By dividing bees into different roles.B．By keeping track of the special bacterium.C．By changing the components of royal jelly.D．By observing nurse bees' different behaviors.【小题3】What can we infer according to the results of the experiment?A．Nurse bees are the key to vaccination for bee group.B．The nurse bees pass the antigen only to the queen.C．Bacteria-used royal jelly has fewer defense substances.D．Two vaccinations are given to young bees by caregivers directly.【小题4】Where is the text probably taken from?A．A pet guide.B．A social website.C．An official document.D．A medical magazine.
6 . Human beings are not alone in having invented vaccination, while honeybees got there first and they can run what look like vaccination programmes, which has been confirmed by Gyan Harwood of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
Queen bees vaccinate their eggs before they are laid. But the question is how the queen receives her antigen supply, for she lives purely on royal jelly, a substance secreted by nurse bees when they are in the life stage of feeding the young. Dr Harwood wondered if the nurses combined the royal jelly they produced with pieces from pathogens they had consumed while eating something brought in from outside.
To test this idea, they collected about 150 nurse bees and divided them among six queenless mini hives equipped with the young to look after. They fed the nurses on sugar-water, and for three of the hives they added Paenibacillus larvae, a bacterium causing a disease, to sugar-water.
Dr Harwood and Dr Salmela labeled the bacteria with a certain dye, to make them easy to track. And, sure enough, microscope confirmed that Paenibacillus larvae were getting into royal jelly secreted by those bees which had been fed with the sugar-water. Moreover, examination of this royal jelly revealed higher levels of defensive substance, compared with royal jelly from bees that had not been mixed with Paenibacillus larvae. This substance is thought to help bee immune systems fight against bacterial infections.
All told, these findings suggest that nurse bees are indeed, via their royal jelly, passing antigens on to the queen, then into eggs. They also mean, because the young receive royal jelly for the first few days after they hatch, the nurses are giving the young the second antigens. Each young bee is therefore being vaccinated twice.
【小题1】What puzzled Dr Harwood from paragraph 2?| A．What the royal jelly consists of. |
| B．Where nurse bees receive pathogens. |
| C．How the antigen come into the queen bees' bodies. |
| D．Whether honeybees run vaccination earlier than man. |
| A．By dividing bees into different roles. |
| B．By keeping track of the special bacterium. |
| C．By changing the components of royal jelly. |
| D．By observing nurse bees' different behaviors. |
| A．Nurse bees are the key to vaccination for bee group. |
| B．The nurse bees pass the antigen only to the queen. |
| C．Bacteria-used royal jelly has fewer defense substances. |
| D．Two vaccinations are given to young bees by caregivers directly. |
| A．A pet guide. | B．A social website. |
| C．An official document. | D．A medical magazine. |
题目解答
答案
解析
- 考查要点：本题为阅读理解题，主要考查学生对科学类文章的细节理解、实验推理及文章出处判断能力。
- 解题核心：
- 小题1：定位关键句，明确问题指向皇后蜂获得抗原的机制。
- 小题2：抓住实验设计中的关键操作（标记细菌追踪路径）。
- 小题3：结合实验结果推断工蜂在疫苗传递中的作用。
- 小题4：通过文章专业性判断出处类型。
小题1
关键句：第二段末句提出疑问“how the queen receives her antigen supply”。
选项分析：
- C正确，问题核心是抗原如何进入皇后蜂体内。
- B混淆概念，工蜂如何获得病原体是后续实验验证的内容，而非本段疑问。
小题2
关键句：实验中“labeled the bacteria with a certain dye”用于追踪。
选项分析：
- B正确，实验通过标记细菌观察其传播路径。
- A/D未涉及实验设计中的分组或行为观察，C未改变王浆成分。
小题3
关键句：实验结果显示工蜂通过王浆传递抗原，幼虫间接获得二次免疫。
选项分析：
- A正确，工蜂是疫苗传递的核心。
- B错误，抗原传递给皇后和幼虫；C与实验结果矛盾（含细菌的王浆防御物质更高）。
小题4
关键句：文章描述科学研究过程，涉及实验设计和免疫机制。
选项分析：
- D正确，专业性内容符合医学杂志特点。
- A/B/C不符合文章科学性、实证性特征。