题目
Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children，researchers have suggested.The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana，where each child is cared for by many adults.Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and"baby-wearing"，in which infants are carried in slings，is considered the common practice. According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary，an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University，these practices，known as alloparenting，could lead to less anxiety for children and parents. Dr Annie Swanepoel，a child doctor，believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life.In Germany，one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery.The residents help to look after the children，an arrangement parallel to alloparenting.Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years，to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities. In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry，researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history.This sudden shift to an"intensive mothering narrative"，which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone，was likely to have been harmful."Such narratives can lead to mothers' exhaustion and have dangerous consequences， "they wrote. By contrast，in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care.One previous study looked at the Efé people of the Democratic Republic of Congo.It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old，and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour. Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans' evolutionary history，but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and depression，which could have a"knock-on"benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant born to a huntel-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers---this contrasts sharply to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three. While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups，researchers said that western"instructive teaching"，where pupils are asked to sit still，may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents"might also enhance their own social development." （1）According to the first two paragraphs，alloparenting refers to the practice of ____ .A.having childcare among community members.B.assigning babies to specific adult caregivers.C.teaching parenting skills to older children.D.carrying infants around by their parents.（2）The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate ____ .A.an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication.B.an approach to integrating alloparenting into western society.C.the conventional parenting style in western culture.D.the differences between western and African ways of living.（3）According to Paragraph 4，what impact does the"intensive mothering narrative"have？ ____ A.It reduces parenting pressure.B.It enhances family relationships.C.It results in the child-centered family.D.It departs from the course of evolution.（4）According to Paragraph 6，what can we learn about the nurseries in the UK？ ____ A.They tend to fall short of official requirements.B.They have difficulty finding good caregivers.C.They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.D.They should try to prevent parental depression.（5）Which of the following would be the best title for the text？ ____ A.Instructive Teaching：A Plan for Anxious ParentsB.For a Happier Family，Learn from the Hunter-gatherersC.Mixed-age Playgroup，a Better Choice for Lonely ChildrenD.Tracing the History of Parenting：from Africa to Europe
Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children，researchers have suggested.The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana，where each child is cared for by many adults.Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and"baby-wearing"，in which infants are carried in slings，is considered the common practice.
According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary，an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University，these practices，known as alloparenting，could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.
Dr Annie Swanepoel，a child doctor，believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life.In Germany，one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery.The residents help to look after the children，an arrangement parallel to alloparenting.Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years，to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.
In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry，researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history.This sudden shift to an"intensive mothering narrative"，which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone，was likely to have been harmful."Such narratives can lead to mothers' exhaustion and have dangerous consequences， "they wrote.
By contrast，in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care.One previous study looked at the Efé people of the Democratic Republic of Congo.It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old，and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.
Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans' evolutionary history，but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and depression，which could have a"knock-on"benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant born to a huntel-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers---this contrasts sharply to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.
While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups，researchers said that western"instructive teaching"，where pupils are asked to sit still，may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents"might also enhance their own social development."
（1）According to the first two paragraphs，alloparenting refers to the practice of ____ .
A.having childcare among community members.
B.assigning babies to specific adult caregivers.
C.teaching parenting skills to older children.
D.carrying infants around by their parents.
（2）The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate ____ .
A.an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication.
B.an approach to integrating alloparenting into western society.
C.the conventional parenting style in western culture.
D.the differences between western and African ways of living.
（3）According to Paragraph 4，what impact does the"intensive mothering narrative"have？ ____
A.It reduces parenting pressure.
B.It enhances family relationships.
C.It results in the child-centered family.
D.It departs from the course of evolution.
（4）According to Paragraph 6，what can we learn about the nurseries in the UK？ ____
A.They tend to fall short of official requirements.
B.They have difficulty finding good caregivers.
C.They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.
D.They should try to prevent parental depression.
（5）Which of the following would be the best title for the text？ ____
A.Instructive Teaching：A Plan for Anxious Parents
B.For a Happier Family，Learn from the Hunter-gatherers
C.Mixed-age Playgroup，a Better Choice for Lonely Children
D.Tracing the History of Parenting：from Africa to Europe
According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary，an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University，these practices，known as alloparenting，could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.
Dr Annie Swanepoel，a child doctor，believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life.In Germany，one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery.The residents help to look after the children，an arrangement parallel to alloparenting.Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years，to mirror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.
In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry，researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history.This sudden shift to an"intensive mothering narrative"，which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone，was likely to have been harmful."Such narratives can lead to mothers' exhaustion and have dangerous consequences， "they wrote.
By contrast，in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care.One previous study looked at the Efé people of the Democratic Republic of Congo.It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old，and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.
Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans' evolutionary history，but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and depression，which could have a"knock-on"benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant born to a huntel-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers---this contrasts sharply to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.
While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups，researchers said that western"instructive teaching"，where pupils are asked to sit still，may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents"might also enhance their own social development."
（1）According to the first two paragraphs，alloparenting refers to the practice of ____ .
A.having childcare among community members.
B.assigning babies to specific adult caregivers.
C.teaching parenting skills to older children.
D.carrying infants around by their parents.
（2）The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate ____ .
A.an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication.
B.an approach to integrating alloparenting into western society.
C.the conventional parenting style in western culture.
D.the differences between western and African ways of living.
（3）According to Paragraph 4，what impact does the"intensive mothering narrative"have？ ____
A.It reduces parenting pressure.
B.It enhances family relationships.
C.It results in the child-centered family.
D.It departs from the course of evolution.
（4）According to Paragraph 6，what can we learn about the nurseries in the UK？ ____
A.They tend to fall short of official requirements.
B.They have difficulty finding good caregivers.
C.They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.
D.They should try to prevent parental depression.
（5）Which of the following would be the best title for the text？ ____
A.Instructive Teaching：A Plan for Anxious Parents
B.For a Happier Family，Learn from the Hunter-gatherers
C.Mixed-age Playgroup，a Better Choice for Lonely Children
D.Tracing the History of Parenting：from Africa to Europe
题目解答
答案
（1）细节理解题。根据第一段The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana，where each child is cared for by many adults.（这个想法是基于对社区的研究，比如博茨瓦纳的Kung，那里的每个孩子都由许多成年人照顾）和第二段According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary，an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University，these practices，known as alloparenting，could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.（剑桥大学的进化人类学家Nikhil Chaudhary博士表示，这些被称为异亲抚育的做法可以减少孩子和父母的焦虑）可知，"异亲抚育"指的是社区成员共同照顾孩子的做法。故选A项。
（2）推理判断题。根据第三段Dr Annie Swanepoel，a child doctor，believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life.In Germany，one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery.The residents help to look after the children，an arrangement parallel to alloparenting.（儿童医生Annie Swanepoel博士认为，有一些方法可以将它们融入西方生活。在德国，一项计划将养老院与托儿所配对。居民帮助照看孩子，这是一种类似于异亲抚育的安排）可知，此处先提到有办法将"异亲抚育"做法融入西方生活，然后介绍德国的将养老院和托儿所配对的计划，该计划类似于异亲抚育。由此推知，提到德国的计划是为了说明将"异亲抚育"融入西方社会的一种方法。故选B项。
（3）细节理解题。根据第四段n a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry，researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history.This sudden shift to an"intensive mothering narrative"，which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone，was likely to have been harmful.（在《儿童心理学和精神病学杂志》上发表的一篇论文中，研究人员说，西方的核心家庭是最近的发明，打破了进化史。这种突然转向"密集型育儿叙事"，即母亲应该独自照顾孩子的做法很可能是有害的）可知，"密集型育儿叙事"的转变背离了进化历程。故选D项。
（4）推理判断题。根据第六段An infant born to a huntel-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers---this contrasts sharply to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.（一个出生在狩猎采集社会的婴儿可能有超过10个照顾者——这与英国托儿所的规定形成鲜明对比，英国规定每4个两到三岁的孩子有1个照顾者）可知，这里暗示英国托儿所应该提高照顾者与孩子的比例。故选C项。
（5）标题判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children，researchers have suggested.（研究人员表示，从非洲狩猎采集者那里获得的育儿技巧可能是培养出更满足的孩子的关键）可知，文章开篇提出从非洲狩猎采集者那里获得的育儿建议可能是养育更满足的孩子的关键，接着围绕狩猎采集者的育儿方式，即异亲抚育，以及西方育儿方式的对比展开，建议西方可以从狩猎采集者那里学习育儿经验。因此，B项"为了更幸福的家庭，向狩猎采集者学习"能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选B项。
（2）推理判断题。根据第三段Dr Annie Swanepoel，a child doctor，believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life.In Germany，one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery.The residents help to look after the children，an arrangement parallel to alloparenting.（儿童医生Annie Swanepoel博士认为，有一些方法可以将它们融入西方生活。在德国，一项计划将养老院与托儿所配对。居民帮助照看孩子，这是一种类似于异亲抚育的安排）可知，此处先提到有办法将"异亲抚育"做法融入西方生活，然后介绍德国的将养老院和托儿所配对的计划，该计划类似于异亲抚育。由此推知，提到德国的计划是为了说明将"异亲抚育"融入西方社会的一种方法。故选B项。
（3）细节理解题。根据第四段n a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry，researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history.This sudden shift to an"intensive mothering narrative"，which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone，was likely to have been harmful.（在《儿童心理学和精神病学杂志》上发表的一篇论文中，研究人员说，西方的核心家庭是最近的发明，打破了进化史。这种突然转向"密集型育儿叙事"，即母亲应该独自照顾孩子的做法很可能是有害的）可知，"密集型育儿叙事"的转变背离了进化历程。故选D项。
（4）推理判断题。根据第六段An infant born to a huntel-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers---this contrasts sharply to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.（一个出生在狩猎采集社会的婴儿可能有超过10个照顾者——这与英国托儿所的规定形成鲜明对比，英国规定每4个两到三岁的孩子有1个照顾者）可知，这里暗示英国托儿所应该提高照顾者与孩子的比例。故选C项。
（5）标题判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children，researchers have suggested.（研究人员表示，从非洲狩猎采集者那里获得的育儿技巧可能是培养出更满足的孩子的关键）可知，文章开篇提出从非洲狩猎采集者那里获得的育儿建议可能是养育更满足的孩子的关键，接着围绕狩猎采集者的育儿方式，即异亲抚育，以及西方育儿方式的对比展开，建议西方可以从狩猎采集者那里学习育儿经验。因此，B项"为了更幸福的家庭，向狩猎采集者学习"能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选B项。