How can you tell the difference between a problem that will go away on its own and one that should be attended to as soon as possible Here are six symptoms that you should call your doctor about. 1. Persistent Headaches Everybody gets headaches now and then. If you’’ve had the same pattern of headaches for years, chances are that it’’s going to continue that way for years more. But if your headaches are so severe that you miss work or social gatherings, or if over-the-counter painkillers don’’t help, see your doctor. There are new treatments now that work well, even for disabling migraines (偏头痛). If you have an unfamiliar type of headache that’’s persisted for three days or longer and is associated with vomiting or visual changes, it could indicate an abnormality in or near the brain, such as a blood clot. If you have an unremitting (不间断的) headache on only one side of your head, near the temple or above the ear, it may be a condition called temporal arthritis (颞动脉炎). It can be cured with cortisone (可的松) or steroids (类固醇) , but, left untreated, it can lead to blindness. The most important thing to remember: Any new or extremely painful headache should prompt you to call your doctor. 2. Chest Pain Colds and respiratory infections often result in inflammation of the cartilage (软骨) next to the ribs, which can cause chest pain. Pneumonia or pleurisy (胸膜炎), an inflammation of the lining of the lungs, can also lead to chest or rib pain. So if your chest hurts, don’’t panic, but do look into it. Chest pain can indicate something as simple as a gas bubble in the stomach, or it could be a heart attack. Sometimes it’’s hard to distinguish between the two. When a nerve near the heart (called the vagus nerve) becomes irritated because of a heart attack, it can cause stomach symptoms. If the pain goes away with an antacid (抗酸剂), it’’s less likely to be related to the heart. Most times, it’’s probably not a heart attack, but if dull, pressure-like chest pain comes on for no reason, call an ambulance and get to an emergency room. Why an ambulance rather than your neighbor For two reasons: Many ambulances now come equipped with sophisticated monitoring equipment, and emergency personnel are trained to administer necessary medication at a time when every minute counts. A number of doctors also recommend that you take an aspirin to protect your heart from a blood clot while the ambulance is on its way. 3. Abdominal (腹部的) Pain All of us suffer abdominal pains occasionally, and their causes are many. In fact, there are entire medical textbooks on how to evaluate this particular type of pain. In most cases, it’’s something that can be easily cured. Abdominal pain that occurs before meals and is relieved by food can indicate an ulcer (溃疡). Treatment is generally simple, so why suffer If the pain occurs when you eat, it might mean gastritis (an inflamed stomach) , or a problem with the gallbladder (胆囊) or pancreas (胰腺). The pain related to each of these conditions has somewhat different characteristics, so your doctor will probably ask such questions as where the pain radiates, what eases it, what makes it feel worse, and whether the pain comes on when you lie down. More serious causes of abdominal pain can include problems with blood vessels that nourish the intestines (肠) or with the aorta (the artery that distributes oxygen-containing blood from the heart to other parts of the body), gallstones, obstruction of the intestine, an infection, or cancer. Whatever the possible cause, have the pain checked out. 4. Bruising and Bleeding If you bump into something and get a bruise, it generally turns blue-purple over a day or two and then slowly fades to yellow over the course of another four or five days. That’’s normal and is nothing to be concerned about. In addition, many of us develop mysterious bruises from time to time and don’’t remember bumping into anything. But if you develop spontaneous recurrent bruises in places that aren’’t prone to being bumped, it could signify a disorder of blood clotting (凝结). It could also be because you’’re taking medications that predispose you to bruising, such as wayfaring (徒步), which is a blood thinner, or aspirin. If you cut yourself or brush your teeth too vigorously, you’’ll start to bleed. Put an antiseptic (抗菌剂) on the cut or ease the pressure on your toothbrush and you’’ll be fine. However, if you notice any rectal (直肠的) bleeding, any vaginal bleeding after menopause (更年期), any blood in your urine, or any blood when you vomit or cough, make an appointment with your doctor to find out the cause. It might be a simple problem, or it might possibly be serious. 5. Breathing Problems If you have a cold, sinus (静脉窦) problem, or allergies that cause nasal congestion, you may find it difficult to breathe. A cold will generally clear up on its own in a week, and you’’ll be back to normal in short order. But if a sinus problem or allergies continue to distress you, call your doctor for an appointment. A simple medication will often do me trick, and you’’ll be smelling the roses soon. People who are out of shape certainly find strenuous activity more difficult than those who exercise regularly, so difficulty breathing on exertion can be a sign that it’’s time to start exercising. But it could also raise a red flag that indicates lung problems, heart problems, asthma, or even anemia. Also, if you become short of breath when you’’re lying down and have to prop yourself up on two or three pillows to sleep comfortably, it might signal heart failure. Call your doctor. 6. Sadness I don’’t know a single person who hasn’’t felt blue or sad from time to time. These feelings are a normal component of human emotion and deserve attention and recognition, but not necessarily medical intervention. So if you’’re blue because a friend moved away or someone close to you is ill, that’’s unfortunate, but it’’s not a reason to call your doctor. If you feel sad or irritable most of the day for at least two weeks, however, and you take less interest in activities that once gave you pleasure, then it’’s time to seek help. You could be suffering from depression, which is a painful and disabling problem. Other signs of depression include crying spells for no apparent reason, unexplained aches and pains that won’’t go away, difficulty in making decisions, an inability to concentrate, and a feeling that the future looks grim. Many people believe that persistent feelings of hopelessness are part of aging. That’’s not true. So by all means talk to your doctor. Fortunately, depression is treatable. Nobody should have to suffer from it, and nobody should have to live with it.Brain abnormality is caused by blood clot. A．YB．NC．NG