Section B-|||-Inequality Quantifed: Min the Gender Gap-|||-[A]Female scientists have made steady gains in recent decades but they face persistent career challenges. US-|||-universities and colleges employ far more male scientists than female ones and men earn significantly-|||-more in science occupations.-|||-[B]As an aspiring ngineer in the early 1970s,Lynne Kiorpes was easy to spot in her undergraraduate class-|||-Among a sea of men,she and a handful of other women made easy targets for a partic professor at-|||-Northeaster University in Boston,Massachusetts.On t first day of class,"he looked around and said-|||-to personally see to it that you all fail.""He wasn`t bluffing. All but one of the women in the class-|||-ultimately left engineeri Kiorpes went on如果|m|m|m|m|m|m|m|m,x|m|,x的)sexism is-|||-almost unthinkabie today,says Kiorpes, now a neuro ientist at New York University.But Kiorpes,who-|||-runs several mentoring programmes for female students and postdoctoral fellows,says that subtle bias-|||-[c]By almost any metric, women have made great gains in closing the scientific gender gap, but female-|||-Foundation,women earn about half the doctorates in science and engineering in the United States but-|||-eam just 82%of what male scientists make in the United States-even le In Europe. Sclentific-|||-to enter and stay in science.-|||-[D]One of the most persistent problems qualified women-|||-students said that they planned a carcer in research;by their third year,only 37%had that goal,-|||-[E]Many experts say that a big factor driving this trend is the lack of role models in the upper divisions of-|||-学术界),which have been slow to change. The Royal Society of Chemistry has found,for-|||-report dissatisfaction with mentorship. Female students conchude consdou and unconsciously that-|||-these careers are not for them because they don`t see people like them. That effect-the sense of not-|||-belonging-is very, very powerful. The attrition continues at la stages. In biology,for example,-|||-US National Research Council."We`re not talking about a lack of talent here. Part of the story is that-|||-[F]Many of the UK chemistry students viewed research as an all -consuming attempt that was incompatible-|||-with raising a family.Meeting the demanding schedule of academic research can seem dispiriting for both-|||-[G]It is found that male and fenale posthos without ch equally likely to decide agalnst research-|||-careers,each leaving at a rate of about 20%.But female postdocs who become parents or plan to have-|||-children abandon research careers up to twice as often as men in sinlarcirumstanser. Farth-|||-women who do become faculty members in astronomy,physics and biology tend to have fewer children-|||-[H]than their male colleagues-1.2 versus1.5,on average-and also have fewer children than they desire.-|||-such as providing child-eare assistance and extending tenure clocks for new parents.Shirley Tilghman,-|||-president of Princeton University in New Jersey,believes th such inttitaathes provide support路-|||-11 women, but that other solutions are still needed."I don`t think there`s a single obstacle,"she says.-|||-about experiment last yea her team showed that science faculty members of both sexes exhibit-|||-physics at 6 US universities to evaluate the CVs of two fittimas(直线的) clitesulng job as a-|||-laboratory manager.The professors said they would offer the student named Jennifer US 730 less per-|||-year than the one named John,even though the CVs were identical.The scientists also reported a greater-|||-Her tindings match well with the results of a survey done in 2010 by the American Association for the-|||-encountered gender bias during their careers, compared w just 2% of men.-|||-(π)/Rescarch Coundi study showed that women ccounted for 19%of the interview pool and received 32%-|||-of job offers for tenure tacketticticlesingeringen omen fared just as well as men in tenure-|||-zvaluations, but female assistant professors in many disciplines seemed less likely to reach tenure-|||-[L]Several groups, such as the UK Medical Research Council and biomedical research charity the Wellcome-|||-Trust,have since investigated thel gont wowammes and fo negligible or very subtle effects of-|||-gender. The Canadian Mediaal Research Counell no differences in success rate in most of its-|||-nseart wrant progrimmes,b reported lower success ra for women in some training grants.In the-|||-United States, women are slightly more succeasful than men in obtaining grants from the National-|||-[M]Science Foundation, but the trend is reversed for the National Institutes of Health (NIH).The NIH also-|||-the percentage of women on review panels has improved marginally over the past decade,from 25% in-|||-2003 to 30% in 2012.Those figures roughly parallel the percentage of women applying for and receiving-|||-grants in that time.-|||-[N]The inequalitics also ext to salaries.In the Buropean Union,female scientists earned on average-|||-between 25% and 40% less than male scientists in the public sector in 2006. Although the average pay-|||-总may be fading.The National Research Council found an 8% pay gap at the level of full-|||-science and engineering professors but no significant differenses a junior facnity members. S-|||-experts argue, however,that the salary gap may reflect other continued trends,such as the fact that a-|||-disproportionate share of women move into non tenure positions or faculty jobs at lower-status-|||-universities.-|||-[O] Tilghman says that Princeton and many other universities have grown increasingly conscious of the need-|||-to track and rectify gender gaps in salary and other instintt support."Absolutely,it needs eternal-|||-vigilance(警惕),"she says."But we`re in a much better place."-|||-36.Changes in the senior sectors of academia are emphastzed to narrow the gender gap in science.-|||-37:Many universities have adopted family-friendly policies in order to help women scientists out of the family--|||-or-career dilemma.-|||-38.The gender gap concems scientifi cosearc grants is comparathely sl-|||-39.During the carly 1970s,female students in science may encounterderared sexism t is unimaginable-|||-nowadays,-|||-40.A Yale University rescarch nseled memsdoss wildicesi female stadents even amon women faculty.-|||-41.Despite the considerable progress that has been made, efforts are still needed for equal rights of women in-|||-the scientific community.-|||-42.The phenomenon of uncaual pay for female scientists exists in both the United States and EU countries.-|||-43.It hpllasthicisininenentend give up their scientific work in the initial phase.-|||-44.Even exceeding their male rivals, female scientists can hardly obtain equal career development-|||-45.Compared with their male peers, female scientific workers are more likely to leave their research careers-|||-when confronted with their family plan.