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A 72-year-old man develops selective loss of the large pyramidal cells in the precentral gyrus and degeneration of the corticospinal and corticobulbar projections. Other neuronal systems are spared. He is told that the progression of the disease is variable, and that the worst prognosis is about a 3-year survival. The precentral gyrus and corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts are essential for which of the following?A KinesthesiaB VisionC Voluntary movementD Auditory identificationE Olfaction

A 72-year-old man develops selective loss of the large pyramidal cells in the precentral gyrus and degeneration of the corticospinal and corticobulbar projections. Other neuronal systems are spared. He is told that the progression of the disease is variable, and that the worst prognosis is about a 3-year survival. The precentral gyrus and corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts are essential for which of the following? A Kinesthesia B Vision C Voluntary movement D Auditory identification E Olfaction

题目解答

答案

我们来一步一步分析这道题目。 --- ### 题目内容解析: 题干描述了一位72岁的男性,出现了以下神经病理改变: - **大脑中央前回(precentral gyrus)的大锥体细胞选择性丢失**; - **皮质脊髓束(corticospinal tract)和皮质延髓束(corticobulbar tract)的变性**; - 其他神经元系统未受影响; - 该病进展不一,最差预后为约3年生存期。 --- ### 解题关键点: 我们要确定的是:**中央前回和皮质脊髓束、皮质延髓束主要参与的功能是什么?** --- ### 解剖与功能分析: 1. **中央前回(Precentral gyrus)**: - 这是大脑皮层的主要运动区(primary motor cortex); - 控制对侧身体的**随意运动**(voluntary movement); - 特别是精细运动控制,如手部动作。 2. **皮质脊髓束(Corticospinal tract)**: - 从中央前回发出,下行至脊髓; - 控制四肢和躯干的**随意运动**; - 是锥体系统(pyramidal system)的主要组成部分。 3. **皮质延髓束(Corticobulbar tract)**: - 控制脑干中的颅神经核; - 主要参与面部、咽喉、咀嚼等肌肉的**随意运动**。 --- ### 病理与临床表现: - 当这些结构受损时,患者会出现: - 肌肉无力、肌张力增高、腱反射亢进; - 典型的“上运动神经元损伤”表现; - 最终可能导致瘫痪; - 结合题目中提到的“大锥体细胞丢失”和“变性”,这提示可能是一种**运动神经元疾病**,如**肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)**。 --- ### 选项分析: A. **Kinesthesia(本体感觉)** - 与感觉有关,主要由后索-丘脑通路处理,与题干中的运动通路无关。❌ B. **Vision(视觉)** - 由枕叶视觉皮层控制,与运动系统无关。❌ C. **Voluntary movement(随意运动)** - 正是中央前回和皮质脊髓/延髓束的主要功能。✅ D. **Auditory identification(听觉识别)** - 与颞叶听觉皮层有关,与题干无关。❌ E. **Olfaction(嗅觉)** - 与边缘系统和嗅球有关,与运动系统无关。❌ --- ### 最终答案: $$ \boxed{C} $$ --- ### 总结: 中央前回、皮质脊髓束和皮质延髓束共同构成了大脑控制**随意运动**的主要通路。当这些结构受损时,会导致运动功能障碍,如肌无力、痉挛等,这与题干中描述的病理和临床表现一致。因此,正确答案是: $$ \boxed{C\(Voluntary\ movement)} $$

解析

本题考查神经解剖学中运动通路的核心结构及其功能。题目中提到的precentral gyrus(中央前回)、corticospinal tract(皮质脊髓束)和corticobulbar tract(皮质延髓束)均属于锥体系(pyramidal system),其核心功能是控制随意运动。解题关键在于明确这些结构在运动控制中的定位与作用,排除其他感觉或感知功能的干扰选项。

1. 中央前回的功能定位

  • 中央前回(precentral gyrus)是大脑皮层的初级运动区(primary motor cortex),负责计划和执行对侧身体的随意运动。
  • 其中的大锥体细胞(pyramidal cells)是运动指令的起始点,通过轴突直接连接皮质脊髓束和皮质延髓束。

2. 皮质脊髓束的作用

  • 皮质脊髓束(corticospinal tract)是连接中央前回与脊髓的下行通路,负责控制四肢和躯干的随意运动。
  • 损伤会导致上运动神经元综合征(如肌张力增高、腱反射亢进)。

3. 皮质延髓束的作用

  • 皮质延髓束(corticobulbar tract)将运动指令传递至脑干的颅神经核,控制面部、咽喉、咀嚼等肌肉的随意运动。
  • 损伤时会出现面瘫、吞咽困难等症状。

4. 选项分析

  • A. Kinesthesia(本体感觉):由后索-丘脑通路负责,与运动控制无关。
  • B. Vision(视觉):由枕叶视觉皮层主导,与运动无关。
  • C. Voluntary movement(随意运动):中央前回和皮质束的核心功能,正确。
  • D. Auditory identification(听觉识别):颞叶听觉皮层的功能,无关。
  • E. Olfaction(嗅觉):与边缘系统相关,与运动无关。

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