What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America-breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal," spatial" thinking about things technological. Why mention the elementary schools Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics ,especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported," With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman." A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives. In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out," A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process. The designer and the inventor are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist." This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote," The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea." When all these shaping forces-- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics______. A. benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledgeB. shed light on disciplined school managementC. was brought about by privileged home trainingD. owed a lot to the technological development

I can guess you were in a hurry. Youyour sweater inside out.A. had wornB. woreC. were wearingD. are wearing

---- Look! Everything here is under construction.---- What’s the pretty small house that ____________ forA. is being builtB. has been builtC. is builtD. is building

About 70 , 000 , 000 Americans are trying to lose weight． That is almost 1 out of every 3 people in the United States． Some people eat（1）_______food and they hardly have any fats or sweets． Others do running, exercise with machines, take medicine, or even have operations（手术）． （2）_______you can see losing weight is（3）_______work, and it will also cost a lot of money． But（4）_______do so many people in the United States want to lose weight? Many people in the United States worry about their look of the body． For many people, looking nice also means to be（5）_______． Other people worry about their health as many doctors（6）_______overweight is not good． Most people want________to find a （an） （7）_______way to take off fat, and books of this kind are very popular． These books tell people（8）_______ lose weight． Each year a lot of new books like these are written． Each one says it can easily help people take fat away． Losing weight can be（9）_______． Some overweight people go to health centers, like La Costa in California． Men and women（10）_______several hundred dollars a day at these health centers． People live there for one week or two, （11）_______exercise, eating different foods． Meals there may be just a little． All these work for losing weight（12）_______four days on the programme, one woman called Mrs． Warren lost 5 pounds （2 .27kg）． At ￥ 400 a day, she spent ￥ 320 to lose each pound． But she said she was still （13）_______ to do so． Health centers, books, medicines, operations, running and exercise machines all （14）_______a lot of money． So in the United States, losing weight may mean losing（15）_______too．（1） A.less B.more C.nice D.fast （2） A.For B.So C.Or D.And （3） A.good B.useful C.hard D.easy （4） A.why B.what C.how D.when （5） A.high B.short C.thin D.fat （6） A.talk B.say C.speak D.tell （7） A.dearer B.harder C.shorter D.easier （8） A.how can you B.when C.how to D.what to （9） A.cheap B.expensive C.easy D.safe （10） A.pay B.cost C.take D.have （11） A.making B.taking C.playing D.using （12） A.Before B.In C.After D.At （13） A.sorry B.angry C.sad D.glad （14） A.need B.have C.use D.get （15） A.health B.time C.food D.money .

The teacher, together with his students,_______________visiting the museum when the earthquake struck.A. wasB. wereC. had beenD. would be

（）the writer's craft through a consideration of rhetorical patterns is a useful way to study writing.A. ExploringB. ExploitingC. EmployingD. Embodying

四、完型填空Scientists have studied consumer behavior recently and found that the look of the package has a great effect __21__ the "quality" of the product and on how well it sells, because "Consumers generally cannot tell between a product and its package. Many products are packages and many packages are products," as Louis Cheskin, the first social scientist studying consumers' feeling for packaging, noticed.Colors are one of the best tools in packaging. Studies of eye movement have shown that colors draw human __22__ quickly. Take V8 for example. For many years, the bright red color of tomatoes and carrots on the thin bottle makes you feel that it is very good for your body. And the word"green" today can keep food prices __23__.Shapes are another attraction. Circles often suggest happiness and peacefulness, because these shapes are pleasing to both the eye and the heart. That's __24__ the round yellow M signs of McDonald's are inviting to both young and old.This new consumer response to the colors and shapes of packages reminds producers and sellers that people __25__ to satisfy both body and soul.21.A. why B. going up C. on D. attention E. buy

11/42单选题(2分) The most of the meeting was on what we needed to do when we made _ from the security issues to the challenging economic issues.A. translationB. transitionC. transactionD. track

---Is your father a doctor?---Yes, he is．He ______ in Town Hospital．（ ）A. has workedB. is workingC. worksD. worked

He is      careless that whatever you say to him goes in one ear and out the other.A. soB. veryC. suchD. too

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