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名词解释cash equivalents

名词解释

cash equivalents

题目解答

答案

现金等价物(Cash Equivalents)是指企业持有的期限短、流动性强、易于转换为已知金额现金、价值变动风险很小的投资。通常包括三个月内到期的债券投资等。其核心在于:

  1. 期限短:一般为从购买日起三个月内到期。
  2. 流动性强:可以随时转换为现金。
  3. 价值稳定:风险极低,几乎不受市场波动影响。
  4. 目的:满足企业短期资金[1]需求,而非长期投资[2]。

现金等价物与现金一起构成企业的“现金及现金等价物”,在财务报表中列示为流动资产。例如,短期国债、商业票据等可归类为现金等价物。但需注意,应收账款、应收票据等不属于现金等价物。

综上,现金等价物是企业为保持流动性而持有的、几乎等同于现金的短期投资[3]。

解析

本题考查对“cash equivalents”这一专业术语的理解和解释。解题思路是依据常见的财务会计知识,对对“cash equivalents”(现金)和“equivalents”(等价物)的含义进行结合分析,明确其在企业财务中的定义、特点、包含内容、不包含的内容以及在财务报表中的体现等方面。

  • 定义:“cash equivalents”即现金等价物,是企业持有的一种投资形式。
  • 特点:
    • 期限短:一般是从购买日起三个月内到期。用数学语言描述,设购买日为时间点$t_0$,到期日为时间点$t_1$,则$t_1 - t_0\leqslant3$个月。
    • 流动性强:意味着可以随时转换为现金,这保证了企业资金的资金能够迅速变现以满足各种需求。
    • 价值稳定:价值变动风险很小,几乎不受市场波动影响,其价值可以近似看作是相对固定的,设其价值为$V$,在一定时期内$\Delta V\approx0$。
  • 包含内容:通常包括三个月内到期的债券投资等,像短期国债、商业票据等也可归类为现金等价物。
  • 不包含内容:应收账款、商业票据等不属于现金等价物。应收账款是企业因销售商品、提供劳务等经营活动应收取的款项,其收回存在一定的不确定性,不符合现金等价物易于转换为已知金额现金的特点。
    在财务报表中的体现:现金等价物与现金一起构成企业的“现金及现金等价物”,在财务报表中列示为流动资产。

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