The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive "attachment" period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone―far from it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, caretakers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children’s development, but tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue. But Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibility that early day car has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children fewer than three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of childcare at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlby’s theory A．Many studies show that day care has a positive effect on children’s development.B．Day care is safe, otherwise there wouldn’t be so many nursery schools.C．Separation from parents for very young children is common in some traditional societies.D．Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal wit
The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive "attachment" period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone―far from it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, caretakers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly, in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children’s development, but tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue. But Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibility that early day car has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children fewer than three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of childcare at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlby’s theory A．Many studies show that day care has a positive effect on children’s development.B．Day care is safe, otherwise there wouldn’t be so many nursery schools.C．Separation from parents for very young children is common in some traditional societies.D．Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal wit
题目解答
答案
D
解析
Bowlby的理论认为，从出生到三岁这个敏感的“依恋”时期，与父母的分离可能会对孩子的个性造成伤害，并导致以后的情感问题。一些人从Bowlby的工作中得出结论，认为在三岁之前不应该让儿童接受日托，因为这会导致与父母的分离。许多人确实相信这一点。
步骤 2：分析反对Bowlby理论的论点
1. 人类学家指出，在现代社会中，父母和孩子之间那种孤立的爱在传统社会中并不常见。例如，在一些部落社会中，如Ngoni，孩子的父亲和母亲并不单独抚养他们的婴儿。
2. 常识告诉我们，如果父母和看护者发现孩子在日托中存在问题，日托就不会如此普遍。这种类型的统计研究尚未进行，即使进行了，结果也肯定会复杂且有争议。
3. 在过去的十年中，美国对日托中的儿童进行了一些仔细的研究，这些研究一致报告说，日托对儿童的发展有中性或轻微的积极影响，但用来衡量这种发展的测试尚未被广泛接受以解决这个问题。
4. Bowlby的分析提出了早期日托可能有延迟效应的可能性。这种护理可能会导致，例如，15或20年后更多的精神疾病或犯罪，这只能通过统计来探索。尽管长期影响如何，父母有时会发现立即影响难以处理。三岁以下的儿童可能会抗议离开父母并表现出不快乐。在三岁或三岁半时，几乎所有儿童都会发现过渡到幼儿园很容易，这无疑就是为什么越来越多的父母在这个时候使用托儿服务的原因。
步骤 3：确定哪个选项不是反对Bowlby理论的论点
A. 许多研究表明，日托对儿童的发展有积极影响。
B. 日托是安全的，否则就不会有这么多的幼儿园。
C. 对于非常年幼的儿童来说，与父母的分离在一些传统社会中是常见的。
D. 父母发现早期日托的即时影响难以处理。
选项D描述的是父母发现早期日托的即时影响难以处理，这并不是一个反对Bowlby理论的论点，而是描述了父母在面对早期日托时的困难。