In 1985 when a Japan Air Lines(JAL)jet crashed,its president,Yasumoto Takagi,-|||-called each victim`s family to apologize,and then promptly resigned.And in 1987,when-|||-a subsidiary of Toshiba sold sensitive military technology to the former Soviet Union,the-|||-chairman of Toshiba gave up his post.-|||-These executive actions,which Toshiba calls"the highest form of apology," may-|||-seem bizarre to US managers.No one at Boeing resigned after the JAL crash,which may-|||-have been caused by a faulty Boeing repair.-|||-The difference between the two business cultures centers around different definitions-|||-of delegation.While US executives give both responsibility and authority to their employ--|||-ees,Japanese executives delegate only authority-the responsibility is sti theirs. Al--|||-though the subsidiary that sold the sensitive technology to the Soviets had its own manage--|||-ment,the Toshiba top executives said they"must take personal responsibility f not creat--|||-ing an atmosphere throughout the Toshiba group that would make such activity unthink--|||-able,even in an independently run subsidiary."-|||-Such acceptance of community responsibility unique to businesses in Japan.-|||-School principals in Japan have resigned when their students committed major crimes after-|||-school hours. Even if they do not quit,Japanese executives will often accept primary re--|||-sponsibility in other ways,such as taking the first pay cut when a company gets into finan--|||-cial trouble.Such personal sacrifices, even if they are largely symbolic,help to create the-|||-sense of community and employee loyalty that is crucial to the Japanese way of doing busi--|||-ness.-|||-Harvard Business School professor George Lodge calls this acceptance of blame"almost-|||-a feudal(封建的)way of getting rid of the community`s dishonor,"and to some in the U--|||-nited States,such resignations look cowardl However,in an era in which both business-|||-and governmental leaders seem particularly good at avoiding responsibilit many US man--|||-agers would probably welcome an infusion(灌输)of the Japanese sense of responsibility,-|||-If,for instance,US automobile company executives offered to reduce their own salaries-|||-before they asked their workers to take pay cuts,negotiations would probab take on a-|||-very different look.-|||-() 1.Why did the chairman of Toshiba resign his position in 1987?-|||-A.In Japan,the release of a top secret to Russians is a crime.-|||-B.He had been under attack for shifting responsibili his subsidiaries.-|||-C.InJapan,the chief executive of a corporation is held responsible for the mis--|||-take made by its subsidiaries.-|||-D.He had been accused of being cowardly towards crises that were taking place-|||-in his corporation.-|||-() 2.What`s Professor George Lodge`s attitude towards the resignations of Japanese-|||-corporate leaders?-|||-A.Sympathetic. B.Critical. C.Biased. D.Approving.-|||-() 3.Which of the following statements is TRUE?-|||-A.Boeing had nothing to do with the JAL air crash in 1985.-|||-B.American executives consider authority and responsibility inseparabl-|||-C.School principals bear legal responsibility for students`crimes.-|||-D.Persuading employees to take pay cuts doesn`t help solve corporate crises.-|||-() 4.The passage is mainly about __-|||-A.resignation as an effective way of dealing with business crises-|||-B.the importance of delegating responsibil to employees-|||-C.ways of evading responsibility in of crises-|||-D.the difference between two business cultures