Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Eachstatement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which theinformation is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with aletter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Collagen(胶原蛋白)supplementsA) Any soup maker worth their salt knows that a good, full-bodied stock is semisolid and unstable whenchilled, and the essential ingredient to make that happen is plenty of bones. It's why my grandmother, andnow I, consider chicken feet the secret ingredient in our soups, and it explains some of the appeal oftoday's bone soup craze. It turns out that bones—from meat, poulty or fish-provide more than justluxurious texture; they also provide a type of protein that has become a major trend in the supplementmarket:collagen.B) Collagen is the main structural protein of connective tssue in animals, found not only in bones but also skin,cartilage(软骨) and tendons (肌腱). When collagen is heated in water, as in soup making, it results in gelatin(明胶), which explains that desirable jellylike texture after refrigeration. And yes, that is where thepowder in thoseittle gelatin packetsused for desserts and other dishes comesfrom. When we eatit, gelatnis digested like any other protein—itis broken down into individual amino acids(氨基酸) that our bodiescan use to build whatever protein t needs—including our own collagen. As we age, however, our bodies'collagen production becomes less effcient, and the tissues that depend on t, such as our skin and joints,don't getrepaired the way they used to, which explains, atleas in part, why our skinstart to wrinkle andwe have more aches and pains as the years tick by.C)That's where the supplements come in. Manufacturers have found a way to apply enzymes (酶) to gelatin tocreate protein chains clled collagen hydrolysates(水解物). These smallcollagen chains may be absorbedby the body to be used directly in the tssues. Predictably, there are a lot of exaggerated claims aroundthese supplements, but there is also a lot of promising, genuine research pointing to benefit, particularlyfor more youthful-looking skin and help with joint pain.D)Several studies show improved skin flexibility and hydration and reduced formation of deep wrinkles aftertaking collagen hydrolysate supplements for six weeks or more, with participants older than 30 seeing thebiggest improvement.E) A 2016 study in the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry showed that collagen hydrolysates can betransferred through the bloodstream directly to the skin, which explains the probable pathway for theseeffects. The supplements may also help improve brittle nails, according to a small study published in 2017in the Journal of Cosmetc Dermatology in which participant took the supplement for 24 weeks.F) Collagen hydrolysates have also been shown to help with joint pain in athletes and those suffering fromosteoarthritis, with participants in the greatest pain getting the most relief. A 2018 meta-analysis publishedin the British Journal of Sports Medicine that examined various supplements used for osteoarthritis identifiedcollagen as one “demonstrating clinically important effect for pain reduction in the medium term.However, over the long term, the supplements didn't help any more than a comfort.G) Besides the fact that observed benefits have mostly involved short-term studies-there is not enoughevidence that the effects are anything more than fleeting—there are several other things to consider beforeyou run out and buy collagen supplements. Although the science is building, it is relatively new and there istill lotto learn, particulaly inidentifying whattypes ofcollagen chains work with different conditions.Also, although side effects appear minimal, there have been reports of digestive problems whensupplements are taken in large amounts.H) On top of that, the bulk and cost of the supplements may be prohibitive. Supplements in pill form requireswallowing six a day to ge a six-gram dose. (The doses used in the studies generally ranged from 5 to 12grams a day.) Powders, which can be dissolved in hot or cold liquids, are perhaps less burdensome but areroughly double the price, running from about 15 to more than 40 for a month's supply. Alsonoteworthy: If you are looking for a general protein supplement, collagen alone would not be the bestchoice because it is not a complete protein-it lacks the essential amino acid.I) Considering that those who benefited most from collagen supplements in the studies were those whogenerally ate the least amount of meat and were possibly, therefore, not getting enough quality protein, it'sworthwhile, whethe you decideto ry a supplement or not, toturn you attention to optimizing(使尽可能完善) your body's own collagen-making machinery. That means getting adequate protein overall, frommeat, poultry, fish and plant proteins such as beans, nuts seeds and grains. And you need to get enoughvitamin C—found in foods such as citrus fruis, berries, bell peppers and green, leafy vegetables-which isalso essential for collagen production.J) It's also worth noting that, although it's not in hydrolysate form, one cup of chicken stock or bone brothoffers aboutsix grams of collagen-rich protein in a tasty and satisfying way.K) This is a classic response to research that found nutrients or supplements had a benefit. Instead ofrecommending that people imitate the research to take the nutrient or supplement that the research foundto be benefcial the recommendaton is virully always “et a balanced diet"—the practce that peoplewere following before they benefited from the nutrient or supplement.L) The standard American diet contains too much protein. This has been known for decades. The excessprotein in the standard American diet causes or contributes to many diseases. As Americans who overdoseon protein, many of their “sudden” health problems, which have been developing for decades, can betraced in whole or in part to all that cheese, chicken, bacon, beef, cream sauce and other dietary excessesand misinformation resulting in obesity, Type-2 diabetes, and other preventable diseases.M) So a dietician perpetuates the myth that “those who ate the least meat" might not be getting enough “qualityprotein." However, mea eater have many problems from their diet, one of which s protein levels thatare too high. Protein is in everything, and they'd have to eat a patheticlly non-nutitious diet tocompensate.36. The price of the collagen supplements may set obstacles to their popularity.37. The reduction of collagen is partly responsible for our wrinkles and pains.38. Meateaters usually have high protein levels and need to take non-nutritou food to balance them.39. Citrus fruit and leafy vegetables are important to get collagen.40. A 2017 study shows thatthe collagen supplement can improve the situation of breakable nails.41. If taken too much, the supplements may have some side effects.42. American intake too much protein from their greasy diet, which lead to many avoidable dseases.43. In the long run, the supplements functioned only as a comfort to the joint pain.44. Bones produce collagen-a popular protein in the supplement market.45. The collagen hydrolysate supplements may benefitthe participants who are older than 30 most.

Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Eachstatement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which theinformation is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with aletter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Collagen(胶原蛋白)supplementsA) Any soup maker worth their salt knows that a good, full-bodied stock is semisolid and unstable whenchilled, and the essential ingredient to make that happen is plenty of bones. It's why my grandmother, andnow I, consider chicken feet the secret ingredient in our soups, and it explains some of the appeal oftoday's bone soup craze. It turns out that bones—from meat, poulty or fish-provide more than justluxurious texture; they also provide a type of protein that has become a major trend in the supplementmarket:collagen.B) Collagen is the main structural protein of connective tssue in animals, found not only in bones but also skin,cartilage(软骨) and tendons (肌腱). When collagen is heated in water, as in soup making, it results in gelatin(明胶), which explains that desirable jellylike texture after refrigeration. And yes, that is where thepowder in thoseittle gelatin packetsused for desserts and other dishes comesfrom. When we eatit, gelatnis digested like any other protein—itis broken down into individual amino acids(氨基酸) that our bodiescan use to build whatever protein t needs—including our own collagen. As we age, however, our bodies'collagen production becomes less effcient, and the tissues that depend on t, such as our skin and joints,don't getrepaired the way they used to, which explains, atleas in part, why our skinstart to wrinkle andwe have more aches and pains as the years tick by.C)That's where the supplements come in. Manufacturers have found a way to apply enzymes (酶) to gelatin tocreate protein chains clled collagen hydrolysates(水解物). These smallcollagen chains may be absorbedby the body to be used directly in the tssues. Predictably, there are a lot of exaggerated claims aroundthese supplements, but there is also a lot of promising, genuine research pointing to benefit, particularlyfor more youthful-looking skin and help with joint pain.D)Several studies show improved skin flexibility and hydration and reduced formation of deep wrinkles aftertaking collagen hydrolysate supplements for six weeks or more, with participants older than 30 seeing thebiggest improvement.E) A 2016 study in the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry showed that collagen hydrolysates can betransferred through the bloodstream directly to the skin, which explains the probable pathway for theseeffects. The supplements may also help improve brittle nails, according to a small study published in 2017in the Journal of Cosmetc Dermatology in which participant took the supplement for 24 weeks.F) Collagen hydrolysates have also been shown to help with joint pain in athletes and those suffering fromosteoarthritis, with participants in the greatest pain getting the most relief. A 2018 meta-analysis publishedin the British Journal of Sports Medicine that examined various supplements used for osteoarthritis identifiedcollagen as one “demonstrating clinically important effect for pain reduction in the medium term.However, over the long term, the supplements didn't help any more than a comfort.G) Besides the fact that observed benefits have mostly involved short-term studies-there is not enoughevidence that the effects are anything more than fleeting—there are several other things to consider beforeyou run out and buy collagen supplements. Although the science is building, it is relatively new and there istill lotto learn, particulaly inidentifying whattypes ofcollagen chains work with different conditions.Also, although side effects appear minimal, there have been reports of digestive problems whensupplements are taken in large amounts.H) On top of that, the bulk and cost of the supplements may be prohibitive. Supplements in pill form requireswallowing six a day to ge a six-gram dose. (The doses used in the studies generally ranged from 5 to 12grams a day.) Powders, which can be dissolved in hot or cold liquids, are perhaps less burdensome but areroughly double the price, running from about $15 to more than $40 for a month's supply. Alsonoteworthy: If you are looking for a general protein supplement, collagen alone would not be the bestchoice because it is not a complete protein-it lacks the essential amino acid.I) Considering that those who benefited most from collagen supplements in the studies were those whogenerally ate the least amount of meat and were possibly, therefore, not getting enough quality protein, it'sworthwhile, whethe you decideto ry a supplement or not, toturn you attention to optimizing(使尽可能完善) your body's own collagen-making machinery. That means getting adequate protein overall, frommeat, poultry, fish and plant proteins such as beans, nuts seeds and grains. And you need to get enoughvitamin C—found in foods such as citrus fruis, berries, bell peppers and green, leafy vegetables-which isalso essential for collagen production.J) It's also worth noting that, although it's not in hydrolysate form, one cup of chicken stock or bone brothoffers aboutsix grams of collagen-rich protein in a tasty and satisfying way.K) This is a classic response to research that found nutrients or supplements had a benefit. Instead ofrecommending that people imitate the research to take the nutrient or supplement that the research foundto be benefcial the recommendaton is virully always “et a balanced diet"—the practce that peoplewere following before they benefited from the nutrient or supplement.L) The standard American diet contains too much protein. This has been known for decades. The excessprotein in the standard American diet causes or contributes to many diseases. As Americans who overdoseon protein, many of their “sudden” health problems, which have been developing for decades, can betraced in whole or in part to all that cheese, chicken, bacon, beef, cream sauce and other dietary excessesand misinformation resulting in obesity, Type-2 diabetes, and other preventable diseases.M) So a dietician perpetuates the myth that “those who ate the least meat" might not be getting enough “qualityprotein." However, mea eater have many problems from their diet, one of which s protein levels thatare too high. Protein is in everything, and they'd have to eat a patheticlly non-nutitious diet tocompensate.36. The price of the collagen supplements may set obstacles to their popularity.37. The reduction of collagen is partly responsible for our wrinkles and pains.38. Meateaters usually have high protein levels and need to take non-nutritou food to balance them.39. Citrus fruit and leafy vegetables are important to get collagen.40. A 2017 study shows thatthe collagen supplement can improve the situation of breakable nails.41. If taken too much, the supplements may have some side effects.42. American intake too much protein from their greasy diet, which lead to many avoidable dseases.43. In the long run, the supplements functioned only as a comfort to the joint pain.44. Bones produce collagen-a popular protein in the supplement market.45. The collagen hydrolysate supplements may benefitthe participants who are older than 30 most.