Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you:It’s easy to beat plastic.They’re part of a bunch of celebrities staring in a new video for World Environment Day-encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use Plastic staples to combat the plastic crisis.   If only I’d realized that we can buy our way out of the problem except we can’t.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-us plastics.But the overarching message is directed at individuals: Lead with your wallets.   The problem of perpetuating this individualistic narrative is that it´s not going to get us very far and the plastics crisis we face is immense.Our oceans are blighted by the stuff.It´s in our drinking water (including bottled water), and we could even be breathing it in.   I´m not dismissing individual actions like ordering straw-free drinks at bars, or opting for a reusable water bottle over a cup that´s going in the trash as soon as you´ve used it.I can´t imagine not at least trying to minimize my own plastics footprint, whether it´s lugging home my newly-refilled gallon bottle of washing-up liquid every few months, or buying packaging-free food, clothing and toiletries where possible.   On their own, however, none of these things is enough.   Part of my worry about leaving it up to the individual is that we´re all just guessing at what´s going on out there-and that´s if we haven´t been scared off from doing anything to start with in the face of such a huge challenge.As consumers, we have little idea about how much plastic has been used and discarded along the supply chain, for example.It´s also hard to compare, say, going to a bulk store that sells plastic-free products but requires you to drive some distance versus a more Iccal shop where you may end up taking home some packaged items.   For these __9__ , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule __10__ .Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to __11__ my weight each week.Weighing every other week allows me to observe and __12__ any significant weight changes.That tells me whether I need to __13__ my training program.   I also use my bimonthly weigh-in __14__ to get information about my nutrition as well.If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly __15__ and dropping weight, this is a __16__ that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.   The __17__ to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being.I am experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a __18__ morning weigh-in.I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, __19__ I’m training according to those goals, instead of numbers on a scale.   There’s also a time and cost issue.Realistically, I´m not going to start making my own laundry detergents so I can avoid the plastic bottles they come in, and there can be extra costs associated with environmentally friendly products.   My biggest concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us.They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have "done our bit" without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions---a kind of "moral licensing" that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.   While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we´re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as "consumers" we must shop sustainably, rather than as "citizens" hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.Nowhere in World Environment Day 2018´s key messages is there anything about voting for environmentally progressive politicians, for example.Why not?   It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority-or even most people’s.We shouldn’t expect it to be .In her latest book, Why Could People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R.De Sombre argue that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.   This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether.India has just announced it will” eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.   De Sombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment.It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.   None of this is about writing off the individual.It’s just about putting things into perspective.We don’t have time to wait.We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting business), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.That’s not something we can buy.第36题Some celebrities star in a new video toA.demand new laws on the use of plasticsB.urge consumers to cut the use of plasticsC.invite public opinion on the plastics crisisD.disclose the causes of the plastics crisis第37题The author is concerned that “moral licensing” mayA.mislead us into doing worthless thingsB.prevent us from making further effortsC.weaken our sense of accomplishmentD.suppress our desire for success第38题By pointing out our identity as “citizens,” the author indicates thatA.our focus should be shifted to community welfareB.our relationship with local industries is improvingC.we have been actively exercising our civil rightsD.We should press our governments to lead the combat第39题De Sombre argues that the best way for a collective change should beA.a win-win arrangementB.a self-driven mechanismC.a cost- effective approachD.a top down process第40题The author concludes that individual effortsA.can be too aggressiveB.are far from sufficientC.can be too inconsistentD.are far from rational上一题 下一题(41~45/共5题)Part B  Directions:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Make your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Five ways to make conversation with anyone in choosing a new home, Camille McClain’s kids have a single demand: a backyard.   McClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an option when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2000 US adults.   While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, reality agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’ opinions may have.   The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, and Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.   “ Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,” he said.   Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate brokers with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he’s not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home- but their options should be considered to regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.   Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home- without actually getting a choice in the matter, said ADAM Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.   Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.   Many of the aspects of home buying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif.And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.   “Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.” Hampson said.The other issue is that many children - especially older ones - may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside , Calif .   “They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,” he said.“HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate.It’s not shelter , it’s a lifestyle.With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”   Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.   Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with    “Their opinions can change tomorrow,” Gurner said.“Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best - and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”   This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.图片第41题____第42题____第43题____第44题____第45题____上一题 下一题(1/1)Section II Reading Comprehension Part C第46题Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)   It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot.He had such a pleasant, readable style that are might think that anyone could imitate it.How many times have I heard people say, “I could write a book, I just haven’t the time” Easily said.Not so easily done.James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”.While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final polished work that he have to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading.Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed.Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literacy field was no exception.___________________上一题 下一题(1/1)Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. (10 points)第47题Directions:Suppose professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic.Write him an email to   1) suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and   2) tell him your arrangement.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name.Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write your address.(10 points)___________________上一题 下一题(1/1)Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following information. (20 points)第48题Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below.In your writing, you should   1) interpret the chart, and   2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)