Why liars lie: What science tells us about deceptionWe all do it sometimes, even though we know it’s wrong. But here’s the problem with lying: research shows that the more you lie, the easier it gets, and the more likely you are to do it again. “The dangerous thing about lying is that people don’t understand how the act changes us,” said Dan Ariely, a behavioral psychologist at Duke.Psychologists have documented children lying as early as age 2. Some experts even consider lying a __________ milestone, like crawling and walking, because it requires complex planning, attention and the ability to see a situation from someone else’s __________ to effectively control them. But for most people, lying gets __________ as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate.A 2010 study on the frequency of lying in America found that in a given 24-hour period, most adults reported not telling any lies. Almost half the lies recorded in the study could be __________ just 5 percent of participants. And most people __________ lying when they could, turning to deception only when the truth was troublesome.Harvard cognitive neuroscientist Joshua Greene said, __________ , for most of us, lying takes work. In studies, he presented study subjects with a chance to deceive for monetary gain while examining their brains in a functional MRI(核磁共振) machine, which __________ blood flow to active parts of the brain.Some people told the truth instinctively. But others __________ opted to lie, and they showed __________ activity in their frontal parietal (额顶叶) control network, which is involved in difficult or complex thinking. This suggests that they were deciding between truth and __________ – and ultimately opting for the latter.For a follow-up analysis, he found that people whose neural reward centers were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars – suggesting that lying may have to do with the __________ to resist temptation.Scientists don’t really know what prevents all of us from lying all the time. Some believe truth-telling is a social norm we internalize, or a result of conflict in our brains between the things we want and the _________ image of ourselves we strive to maintain. But the curious thing about this __________ mechanism is that it comes from within.However, external conditions also matter __________ when and how often we lie. We are more likely to lie, research shows, when we are able to justify it, when we are __________ and exhausted, or when we see others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we have moral reminders or when we think others are watching.【1】A.historicalB.developmentalC.mentalD.psychological【2】A.perspectiveB.imaginationC.experienceD.evaluation【3】A.dominatedB.preferredC.acceptedD.limited【4】A.attributed toB.applied toC.reduced toD.distributed to【5】A.regrettedB.avoidedC.recognizedD.denied【6】A.anyhowB.insteadC.indeedD.likewise【7】A.stimulatesB.mapsC.guidesD.assesses【8】A.reasonablyB.randomlyC.passivelyD.deliberately【9】A.restoredB.failedC.regulatedD.increased【10】A.moralityB.fantasyC.dishonestyD.reality【11】A.inabilityB.impulseC.determinationD.possibility【12】A.uniqueB.objectiveC.positiveD.typical【13】A.preventiveB.persuasiveC.interactiveD.decisive【14】A.regardless ofB.by means ofC.in response toD.in terms of【15】A.delightedB.motivatedC.encouragedD.stressed