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Which are not the indications of muscle disease?A. AtrophyB. HypertrophyC. WeaknessD. SwellingE. RednessF. PainG. Tetany or tetanus

Which are not the indications of muscle disease? A. Atrophy B. Hypertrophy C. Weakness D. Swelling E. Redness F. Pain G. Tetany or tetanus

题目解答

答案

我们来逐项分析这道题:

题目是:“Which are not the indications of muscle disease?”
翻译为:“以下哪项不是肌肉疾病的指征?”

我们要找出不属于肌肉疾病常见表现的选项。

先来看每个选项的含义及其与肌肉疾病的关系:

A. Atrophy(萎缩)
肌肉萎缩是指肌肉体积变小,常见于肌肉疾病(如肌营养不良、废用性萎缩、神经源性萎缩等)。
→ 是肌肉疾病的常见表现。

B. Hypertrophy(肥大)
肌肉肥大是指肌肉体积增大。在某些肌肉疾病中,如假性肥大(pseudohypertrophy),常见于杜氏肌营养不良(Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy),虽然肌肉看起来变大,但其实是肌纤维被脂肪或结缔组织替代。
→ 也是肌肉疾病的可能表现。

C. Weakness(无力)
肌肉无力是肌肉疾病的最主要和最常见的症状,如进行性肌无力是多数肌病的核心表现。
→ 是肌肉疾病的典型表现。

D. Swelling(肿胀)
肌肉肿胀可能出现在某些肌肉疾病中,比如剧烈运动后横纹肌溶解、肌炎(如多发性肌炎)时可能出现局部肌肉肿胀。但肿胀更常见于炎症、创伤或静脉阻塞等非原发性肌病。
→ 有时可见,但不是典型或主要表现,需进一步判断。

E. Redness(发红)
皮肤发红通常是皮肤或皮下组织炎症的表现,比如蜂窝织炎、外伤、关节炎等。
肌肉疾病本身(如肌营养不良、肌炎)一般不会直接导致皮肤发红。虽然在严重的肌炎中可能伴随局部发热或轻微发红,但“redness”更多指向皮肤或关节问题,而不是原发性肌肉疾病的典型体征。
→ 不是肌肉疾病的常见或典型指征。

F. Pain(疼痛)
肌肉疼痛(肌痛)在某些肌肉疾病中存在,比如炎症性肌病(如多发性肌炎、皮肌炎)、代谢性肌病或横纹肌溶解。但值得注意的是,许多原发性肌病(如肌营养不良)早期并不伴疼痛,而疼痛更多见于肌肉过度使用、损伤或炎症。
→ 部分肌肉疾病可有疼痛,但不是所有肌病都有,属于非特异性表现。但一般仍认为某些肌肉疾病可有疼痛,所以可视为可能的表现之一。

G. Tetany or tetanus(强直性痉挛或破伤风)

  • Tetany:通常指由于低钙等原因引起的肌肉抽搐、痉挛,属于神经肌肉兴奋性增高的表现,多与电解质紊乱有关,不是原发性肌肉疾病。
  • Tetanus(破伤风):是由破伤风杆菌引起的神经系统疾病,表现为肌肉强直和痉挛,但其根源是神经毒素影响中枢神经系统,不是肌肉本身的疾病。
    → 因此,tetany 或 tetanus 是神经或全身性病因引起的肌肉症状,不是原发性肌肉疾病的指征。
    → 不属于肌肉疾病的典型表现。

现在我们总结哪些不是肌肉疾病的指征:

选项 是否为肌肉疾病指征 理由
A. Atrophy 是 常见于肌病
B. Hypertrophy 是 可见于假性肥大
C. Weakness 是 核心症状
D. Swelling 有时是 肌炎等可有肿胀
E. Redness 不是 属于皮肤或炎症表现,非肌病典型体征
F. Pain 有时是 炎症性或代谢性肌病可有
G. Tetany/tetanus 不是 属于神经或感染性疾病表现

正确答案是:E 和 G

但题目问的是“Which are not the indications of muscle disease?”(哪些不是肌肉疾病的指征?),而且是多选题。

所以应选择那些不属于肌肉疾病典型表现的选项。

最终答案:

E. Redness 和 G. Tetany or tetanus

因为:

  • Redness(发红) 是皮肤表层炎症的表现,肌肉疾病通常不会引起皮肤发红;
  • Tetany 或 tetanus 是由于神经兴奋性异常或感染引起的肌肉痉挛,不是肌肉本身组织病变所致,因此不属于原发性肌肉疾病的指征。

✅ 答案:E 和 G
即:\boxed{E} 和 \boxed{G}

解析

本题考查对肌肉疾病常见临床表现的识别能力。解题核心在于理解各选项的医学含义,并判断其是否属于肌肉本身的病变。关键点在于区分肌肉疾病的表现与其他系统(如皮肤、神经)相关症状。

选项分析

A. Atrophy(萎缩)

肌肉体积减小,常见于神经源性或废用性肌肉疾病(如肌营养不良)。属于肌肉疾病的表现。

B. Hypertrophy(肥大)

如杜氏肌营养不良中的假性肥大(脂肪和结缔组织替代肌纤维)。属于肌肉疾病的表现。

C. Weakness(无力)

肌肉无力是多数肌肉疾病的核心症状(如进行性肌无力)。

D. Swelling(肿胀)

见于肌炎(如多发性肌炎)或横纹肌溶解,但更常见于炎症或外伤。有时属于肌肉疾病的表现。

E. Redness(发红)

皮肤发红通常由皮肤或软组织炎症引起(如蜂窝织炎),非肌肉疾病典型体征。

F. Pain(疼痛)

炎症性肌病(如皮肌炎)或代谢性肌病可有疼痛,但非所有肌肉疾病均有。部分属于肌肉疾病的表现。

G. Tetany or tetanus(强直性痉挛/破伤风)

Tetany由低钙等代谢异常引起,tetanus由破伤风杆菌毒素导致神经痉挛,属于神经系统或感染性疾病,与肌肉本身病变无关。

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