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In plasma solutes, the most abundant substances are ____

In plasma solutes, the most abundant substances are ____

题目解答

答案

题目:在血浆溶质中,最丰富的物质是 ____。 解题过程: 血浆是血液的液体成分,其中含有多种溶质,包括电解质、蛋白质、营养物质、代谢废物、气体和调节物质等。我们需要找出在这些溶质中含量最多的物质。 血浆溶质主要包括以下几类: 1. 蛋白质:如白蛋白、球蛋白、纤维蛋白原等; 2. 无机盐(电解质):如钠离子、钾离子、氯离子、碳酸氢根离子等; 3. 有机物:如葡萄糖、氨基酸、尿素、脂类等; 4. 气体:如氧气、二氧化碳等。 虽然水是血浆中含量最多的成分(约占90%以上),但题目问的是“溶质”(solutes),即溶解在水中的物质,因此水本身不被算作溶质。 在血浆溶质中,含量最多的是蛋白质,而蛋白质中又以**白蛋白(albumin)**的浓度最高。白蛋白由肝脏合成,主要功能是维持血浆的胶体渗透压,并运输某些物质。 但如果我们从**总溶质的质量或摩尔浓度**来考虑,实际上**钠离子(Na⁺)**是血浆中含量最高的溶质。钠离子是主要的细胞外阳离子,其浓度约为135–145 mmol/L,在所有溶质中摩尔浓度最高。 然而,若从**质量**角度比较,血浆蛋白(尤其是白蛋白)的分子量较大,总量也较多。但综合来看,科学上通常认为在血浆溶质中,**钠离子**是最丰富的**电解质**,而**白蛋白**是最丰富的**蛋白质**。 但题目问的是“最丰富的物质”,没有特别指明是蛋白质还是离子。根据生理学标准答案,血浆中含量最多的溶质是**钠离子**,因为其摩尔浓度最高,且对渗透压和电化学平衡贡献最大。 不过,有些教材或语境下也可能强调“蛋白质”为最丰富的溶质类别。但更准确地说: - 按摩尔浓度:Na⁺ 最高; - 按质量浓度:白蛋白是单一蛋白质中含量最高的。 但综合权威生理学资料(如Guyton生理学),血浆中**最丰富的溶质是钠离子**。 然而,还有一种常见说法是:**血浆蛋白**是血浆溶质中含量最多的**一类有机物**,但无机离子中钠最多。 但如果我们查看血浆溶质的组成: - 水:约91–92% - 溶质:8–9% - 蛋白质:约7%(主要是白蛋白,约3.5–5 g/dL) - 无机盐:约0.9%(其中Na⁺浓度约140 mmol/L,是最多的离子) - 其他有机物:约1–2% 从**质量浓度**来看,白蛋白约为4 g/dL,而Na⁺约为0.32 g/dL(140 mmol/L × 23 mg/mmol ≈ 3.22 g/L = 0.322 g/dL),因此白蛋白的质量远高于钠离子。 所以,从**质量**角度,**白蛋白**是血浆中含量最多的**单一溶质**。 结论: - 若按摩尔浓度:Na⁺最多; - 若按质量浓度:白蛋白最多。 在医学和生理学中,通常认为**白蛋白**是血浆中含量最丰富的**蛋白质**,也是**单一溶质中质量最高者**。 但严格来说,题目问“最丰富的物质”,应理解为含量最高的溶质。根据多数标准教材(如《生理学》Guyton and Hall),**血浆中含量最多的溶质是钠离子**,因为其摩尔浓度最高,对晶体渗透压贡献最大。 但也有观点认为,白蛋白是血浆中含量最多的**蛋白质**,但不是最多的**溶质**。 然而,经过进一步查证:在血浆溶质中,按**质量**计算,**蛋白质总量**约为6–8 g/dL,其中白蛋白占3.5–5 g/dL,而钠离子仅约0.32 g/dL。因此,白蛋白的质量远高于钠离子。 因此,**白蛋白**是血浆中含量最丰富的**单一溶质**(按质量)。 最终结论: 在血浆溶质中,最丰富的物质是 **白蛋白(albumin)**。 答案:\boxed{白蛋白}

解析

考查要点:本题主要考查对血浆组成成分的理解,特别是溶质的分类及含量比较。
解题核心:明确区分血浆中的溶质与溶剂,并掌握各类溶质的含量差异。
关键点:

  1. 溶质是溶解于血浆中的物质,不包括水(溶剂)。
  2. 血浆溶质中,蛋白质(尤其是白蛋白)的质量浓度最高,而钠离子(Na⁺)的摩尔浓度最高。
  3. 题目未明确区分“质量”或“摩尔”维度,需结合生理学标准答案判断。

步骤1:明确血浆溶质的分类

血浆溶质主要包括:

  • 蛋白质(如白蛋白、球蛋白)
  • 无机盐(如Na⁺、Cl⁻、K⁺等)
  • 有机物(如葡萄糖、脂类、代谢废物)
  • 气体(如O₂、CO₂)

步骤2:比较不同溶质的含量

  1. 按质量浓度:

    • 白蛋白占血浆蛋白质的约60%,质量浓度约为3.5–5 g/dL。
    • 钠离子的质量浓度约为0.32 g/dL(140 mmol/L × 23 mg/mmol)。
      结论:白蛋白的质量远高于钠离子。
  2. 按摩尔浓度:

    • 钠离子的浓度为135–145 mmol/L,是血浆中摩尔浓度最高的离子。
    • 白蛋白的摩尔浓度较低(分子量大)。
      结论:钠离子的摩尔浓度最高。

步骤3:确定题意的维度

题目未明确要求“质量”或“摩尔”,但根据生理学标准教材(如《Guyton生理学》),白蛋白是血浆中单一溶质质量最高者,因此为正确答案。

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