题目

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.-|||-For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the-|||-corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.-|||-Passage One-|||-The unique human habit of taking in and employing animals-even competitors like wolves-spurred on human tool--|||-making and language,which have both driven humanity's success Pat Shipman says ,paleoanthropologist of Penn State-|||-University."Wherever you go in the world,whatever ecosystem(生态系统),whatever culture,people live with animals,"-|||-Shipman said.-|||-For early humans,taking in and caring for animals would seem like a poor strategy for survival."On the face of it,you-|||-are wasting your resources.So this is a very weird behavior,"Shipman said.But it's not so weird in the context something-|||-else humans were doing about 2.6 million years ago:switching from a mostly vegetarian diet to one rich in meat.This-|||-happened because humans invented stone hunting tools that enabled them to compete with other top predators.Quite a-|||-rapid and bizarre switch for any animal.So we invented the equipment,learned how to track and kill,and eventually took in-|||-animals who also knew how to hunt-like wolves and other canines.Others,like goats,cows and horses,provided milk, hair-|||-and,finally,hides and meat.-|||-Managing all of these animals-or just tracking them-requires technology, know and ways to preserve and convey-|||-information.So languages had to develop and evolve to meet the challenges.Tracking game has even been argued to be the-|||-origin of scientific inquiry,said Peter Richerson,professor emeri名誉退休的)in the Department of Environmental-|||-Science and Policy at the University of California,Davis.One of the signs that this happened is in petroglyphs(史前岩画)-|||-and other rock art left by ancient peoples.At first they were abstract, geometric patte that are impossible to decipher(破译).-|||-Then they converge on one subject:animals.-|||-There have also been genetic changes in both humans and our animals.For the animals those changes developed because-|||-human bred them for specific traits,like a cow that gives more milk or a hen that lays more eggs.But this evolutionary-|||-influence works both ways.Dogs,for instance,might have been selectively taken in by humans who shared genes for more-|||-compassion.Those humans then prospered with the dogs'help in hunting and securing their homes.-|||-46.What do we learn from the first paragraph about animals?-|||-A)Animals have driven humanity's success-|||-B)Making tools and using language are uniquely human habits.-|||-C)Employing wolves is uniquely human habit.-|||-D)People live with animals everywhere.-|||-47.Why did Shipman say taking in animal is a poor strategy for survival?-|||-A)Early humans were poor in survival resources.-|||-B)Taking in animal was a very weird behavior.-|||-C)Early humans didn't know how to track and kill.-|||-D)Early humans switched from a vegetarian diet to meat.-|||-48.Why did languages have to develop and evolve to meet the challenges?-|||-A)Early humans should have communication in tracking game.-|||-B)Language can enable humans to compete with other top predators.-|||-C)Animals should understand the orders given by humans.-|||-D)Language could cause a rapid and bizarre switch for any animal.-|||-49.What do we learn from the statement of Pat Shipman and Peter Richerson?-|||-A)Caring for animals seemed common after people invented tools.-|||-B)After language developed early humans learned how to track and kill.-|||-C)Managing and tracking animals are the origin of modern science.-|||-D)Language developed from abstract to specific because of animals.-|||-50.What do we learn from the last paragraph?-|||-A)Animals'changes are developed by themselves.-|||-B)Human raise animals for specific genes.-|||-C)Evolutionary influence works on both humans and animals.-|||-D)Genes could make the dogs help people in hunting.

题目解答

答案

解析

本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了人类收养和利用动物这一独特习惯如何推动了工具制造、语言发展以及人类的成功，并从生存策略、技术需求、语言演变和遗传变化等方面进行了详细解释。

46题解析

题目问从第一段关于动物我们学到什么。第一段最后一句明确提到：“Wherever you go in the world, whatever ecosystem, whatever culture, people live with animals”（无论世界何处、何种生态系统或文化，人类都与动物相伴）。选项D“People live with animals everywhere”（人们随处与动物生活）是直接对应，正确。

  • A选项“Animals have driven humanity's success”（动物推动人类成功）是对首句“spurred on human tool-making and language”的过度夸大，原文是“推动了工具和语言”，而非“驱动成功”，错误；
  • B选项“Making tools and using language are uniquely human habits”（制造工具和使用语言是人类独有的习惯），原文首句说“unique human habit of taking in and employing animals”（收养动物是人类独有），而非工具和语言，错误；
  • C选项“Employing wolves is uniquely human habit”（使用狼是人类独有习惯），原文未提“使用狼”是“独有”，仅说“收养甚至竞争对手如狼”，错误。

47题解析

题目问Shipman为何说收养动物是糟糕的生存策略。第二段第二句：“On the face of it, you are wasting your resources”（表面上看，你在浪费资源），结合上下文，早期人类资源有限，收养动物会消耗资源，所以A选项“Early humans were poor in survival resources”（早期人类生存资源匮乏）正确。

  • B选项“Taking in animal was a very weird behavior”（收养动物是奇怪行为）是Shipman的结论，而非原因，错误；
  • C选项“Early humans didn't know how to track and kill”（早期人类不会追踪和杀戮）与后文“invented stone hunting tools”矛盾，错误；
  • D选项“Early humans switched from a vegetarian diet to meat”（从素食转向肉食）是收养动物的背景，而非原因，错误。

48题解析

题目问语言为何必须发展演变以应对挑战。第三段第二句：“Managing all of these animals—or just tracking them—requires technology, knowledge and ways to preserve and convey information. So languages had to develop...”（管理或追踪动物需要技术、知识和传递信息的方式，因此语言必须发展）。选项A“Early humans should have communication in tracking game”（早期人类在追踪猎物时需要交流）符合“传递信息”的需求，正确。

  • B选项“Language can enable humans to compete with other top predators”（语言让人能与顶级捕食者竞争），原文说“stone hunting tools”帮助竞争，非语言，错误；
  • C选项“Animals should understand human orders”（动物需理解人类命令），文中未提动物理解命令，错误；
  • D选项“Language could cause a rapid switch for animals”（语言导致动物快速转变），文中“rapid and bizarre switch”指人类饮食转变，与语言无关，错误。

49题解析

题目问从Shipman和Peter Richerson的陈述中学到什么。Peter Richerson说：“Tracking game has even been argued to be the origin of scientific inquiry”（追踪猎物被认为是科学探索的起源），结合上下文，管理和追踪动物需要技术与信息传递，推动了科学起源。选项C“Managing and tracking animals are the origin of modern science”（管理和追踪动物是现代科学的起源）正确。

  • A选项“收养动物在发明工具后变常见”，文中未提“常见”，错误；
  • B选项“语言发展后才学会追踪杀戮”，原文说“发明工具后学会追踪杀戮，最终收养动物，推动语言发展”，顺序颠倒，错误；
  • D选项“语言因动物从抽象到具体”，文中岩画从抽象到动物主题，是“记录方式”演变，非“语言本身”，错误。

50题解析

题目问从最后一段学到什么。最后一段第三句：“But this evolutionary influence works both ways”（这种进化影响是双向的），后文举例：人类选育动物（如高产奶牛），动物也影响人类（如基因更有同情心的人类因狗的帮助繁荣）。选项C“Evolutionary influence works on both humans and animals”（进化影响对人类和动物都起作用）正确。

  • A选项“动物变化自发产生”，文中说“人类为特定性状育种导致动物变化”，错误；
  • B选项“人类为特定基因饲养动物”，文中是“为特定性状（如产更多奶）”，偷换概念，错误；
  • D选项“基因让狗帮助人类狩猎”，文中说“人类和狗共享 compassion 基因，狗帮助狩猎”，非“基因使狗帮助”，错误。