56Directions:Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, Cand D. choose the one that fits best according to the information given in thepassage. A On the night of December 8, 1992, when he was standingin a parking lot talking to friends, Tracy March jumped to the top of a car, ashe had done a hundred times before. This time, though, Tracy lost his balance.His head struck the ground, hard. Allnight, Cory, Tracy’ s mother, stood next to her son, who was lying in ahospital bed, his brown eyes fixed in a lifeless stare. She remembered thatTracy has once mentioned organ (器官)donation. Maybe I canspare another family this pain, she thought. When the time came, she and herhusband Bill signed the forms permitting his organs to be donated. Tracywas declared dead the next day. Twenty-four hours later, in a Boston hospital,Tracy’s liver was made part of my husband, David, who was suffering from ahopeless liver disease. Monthslater, we learned from the local organ bank that the donor’s parents wisheddesperately to meet someone who had gained life through the gift from theirson. A meeting was arranged by the organ bank to bring together two familieslinked by the most bittersweet ties imaginable. Themeeting was risky, but worth it. We talked for 3 hours. They showed us apicture of Tracy. We learned for the first how he had lived and died. We learnedsomething about Bill and Cory too. Forthe Marches, seeing David and knowing he was well seemed to ease theirsuffering. I’ll never forget seeing David’s tall figure stopped over Corry, herarms around his waist, as a mother would hug a son. For a long time they heldeach other tight. It was hard to know if she was saying hello or good-bye.Maybe she was saying both. 56. We learn fromthe passage that Tracy died _________. A. onDecember 8, 1992 B.of brain damage C. 24 hoursafter he fell off the roof of a car D.in a car crash57. Tracy’sparents decided to donate Tracy’s organs because ______. A. Tracy told them to do so just before hedied.B. They wanted to save others the pain ofseeing dear one die.C. David’s life could continue in a meaningfulway.D. They knew David was suffering from ahopeless liver disease. 58. The meetingbetween the writer’s family and Tracy’s parents was arranged because _______.A. the writer and her husband wished toexpress their thanks to Tracy’s parentsB. the local organ bank wanted to see how bothfamilies felt about the donationC. Tracy’s parents wanted to see someone whoselife had been saved by the donationD. the two families were linked by the mostbittersweet ties imaginable. 59. The writer andher husband learned how Tracy died _______. A.from his parents B.from the organ bank C.from the hospital D.from the doctor who performed the operation60. The meetingbetween the two families helped to relieve the Marshes’ suffering because_______.A. they saw that David looked very much liketheir sonB. they saw that David had regained healthwith Tracy’s liverC. they now had someone to share theirmemories of TracyD. they now knewfor sure they had done the right thing.B1.2 million roaddeaths worldwide occur each year, plus a further 50 million injuries. To reducecar crash rate, much research now is focused on safety and new fuels---thoughsome electric vehicle and biofuel research aims at going faster.　　Travelling at speed has always been risky.One advanced area of research in motoring safety is the use of digital in-carassistants(车内辅助设施). They can ensure you don’t miss importantroad signs or fall asleep. The use of artificial intelligence software allowsthese assistants to monitor your driving and make sure your phone or radiodoesn’t distract you at a vital moment. Most crashes result from human and notmechanical faults.　　Some safety developments aim to improveyour vision. Radar can find obstacles(障碍物) in fog,while other technology “sees through” big vehicles blocking your view.　　And improvements to seat belts, pedal(制动踏板) controls and tyres(轮胎) are making driving smoother and safer. The color ofa car has been found to be linked with safety, as have, less surprisingly, sizeand shape.　　But whatever is in the fuel tank, you don’twant a thief in the driving seat and there have been many innovations(革新). Satellite tracking and remote communications canalso come into play if you crash, automatically calling for help.　　Accidents cause many traffic jams, butthere are more subtle interplays(微妙的相互影响)between vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy road. Such jamscan be analyzed using statistical tools. Robotic drivers could be programmed tomake traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyone’s personaldrivers, but their latest efforts suggest that won’t be soon.61. What areresearchers interested in doing as the road accidents worldwide increase to ashocking rate? A. They aredeveloping faster electric vehicles. B. They areanalyzing road deaths occurring worldwide every year C. Theyconcentrate their research on safety and new fuels D. They aredesigning fully automatic cars62. According tothe second paragraph, most road accidents happen A. becausedrivers fall asleep. B.because drives make mistakes. C. becauseof engine failure. D. because of speeding.63. Which of thesafety development is NOT mentioned in the in the passage? A. Radarsthat can help drivers to see obstacles in fog. B. Devicesthat can help drivers to see through big vehicles. C.Improvements in seat belts, pedal controls and tyres. D.Windscreens that can help drivers to improve their vision.64. What is NOTthe purpose of innovations that use satellite tracking and remotecommunications? A. Toprevent car thieves from getting into your car. B. To callfor help when one’s car crashes. C. To callfor help when the car gets jammed in the traffic. D. To trackthe car down when it is being stolen.65. What is trueof robotic drivers? A. It willtake some time before robotic drivers can put to practical use. B. Roboticdrivers are not allowed to drive on busy roads. C. Roboticdrivers can never replace human drivers. D. Roboticdrivers are too expensive to use. CFran’s husband Tom had a habit of throwing his dirtysocks into the laundry basket , but frequently missing by a few inches. Itreally frustrated Fran when she had to pick up his socks and place them in thebasket. After learning the techniques of behavior modification(矫正)， Fran decided to stopnagging(唠叨) her husband and try positivereinforcement(加强). When he missed the basket, she saidnothing and quietly picked up his socks. However, one day when his socksactually landed in the target, she quickly reinforced the appropriate behaviorby saying, “ I really like it when you put your socks right inside the basket.”She followed this statement with a hug. Within a week, Tom was hitting thetarget every time, or picking up the socks by hand and placing them inside thebasket whenever he missed. Consequently, an argument was avoided. There is anold saying that” you can catch more flies with honey than vinegar”, which isthe principal behind behavior modification. Complaining to someone of doingsomething, whether it’s a partner or a child, often gets just the oppositeresponse: resistance. But almost everyone respond to positive reinforcement andthis approach to changing someone’s behavior takes a little patience andemotional control. Experts ofbehavior modification believe habits are learned because of reinforcement fromthe environment. This theory states that people will always do the behaviorthat results in the most favorable outcome. Even if in the doing, there aresome negative effects. For instance，Fran may havelearned from her mother that it really didn’t matter whether her husband’ssocks landed in the basket or not. It is because she’d come along and pick themup for him. That was the favorable outcome but, if he only got negativemessages from Fran for the same behavior, he didn’t have much motivation toabandon it. Of coursefor some people nothing will work, but it’s sure worth a try, for treating themwith a hostile attitude probably won’t get you what you want , but it will getyou a bad relationship with them. Positivereinforcement can be used with anyone, for any behavior, because all of usresist criticism and respond to praise. So, the next time you want someone tomeet your wishes, try a little applause for the desired behavior.66. Why does theauthor present Tom and Fran’s story at the beginning of the passage? A. Tointroduce the techniques of behavior modification. B. To showTom is one of those needing behavior modification. C. To letthe readers know this family. D. To listways to get rid of bad habits.67. Which of thefollowing best fits the principle behind behavior modification? A. Takingno notice of one’s occasional good behavior. B. Praisingone for his or her good deeds. C. Tellinga child not to make the same mistakes again. D. Leavinga child alone when he or she does something wrong.68. Whichstatement about a habit may the author agree with? A.Criticism contributes a lot to the formation of a bad habit. B. Most ofour habits are formed in childhood. C. We canalways get along with a person of good habits. D. A habitis usually reinforced by favorable outcome.69. What can welearn from Paragraph 4? A. Positivereinforcement works on anyone. B. Positivereinforcement should be applied to anyone. C. By usingpositive reinforcement we don’t fail to get what we want D. By usingpositive reinforcement we can improving our relationship with anyone else.70. The purpose ofthe passage is to tell us_____. A. how tobring out the best in others B. the wayto get along with others C. whatbehavior modification is D. thetraining of behavior modification

56Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage.

A

 

On the night of December 8, 1992, when he was standing in a parking lot talking to friends, Tracy March jumped to the top of a car, as he had done a hundred times before. This time, though, Tracy lost his balance. His head struck the ground, hard.

       All night, Cory, Tracy’ s mother, stood next to her son, who was lying in a hospital bed, his brown eyes fixed in a lifeless stare. She remembered that Tracy has once mentioned organ (器官)donation. Maybe I can spare another family this pain, she thought. When the time came, she and her husband Bill signed the forms permitting his organs to be donated.

       Tracy was declared dead the next day. Twenty-four hours later, in a Boston hospital, Tracy’s liver was made part of my husband, David, who was suffering from a hopeless liver disease.

       Months later, we learned from the local organ bank that the donor’s parents wished desperately to meet someone who had gained life through the gift from their son. A meeting was arranged by the organ bank to bring together two families linked by the most bittersweet ties imaginable.

       The meeting was risky, but worth it. We talked for 3 hours. They showed us a picture of Tracy. We learned for the first how he had lived and died. We learned something about Bill and Cory too.

       For the Marches, seeing David and knowing he was well seemed to ease their suffering. I’ll never forget seeing David’s tall figure stopped over Corry, her arms around his waist, as a mother would hug a son. For a long time they held each other tight. It was hard to know if she was saying hello or good-bye. Maybe she was saying both.

56. We learn from the passage that Tracy died _________.

  A. on December 8, 1992                                          B. of brain damage

  C. 24 hours after he fell off the roof of a car           D. in a car crash

57. Tracy’s parents decided to donate Tracy’s organs because ______.

A. Tracy told them to do so just before he died.

B.  They wanted to save others the pain of seeing dear one die.

C.  David’s life could continue in a meaningful way.

D.  They knew David was suffering from a hopeless liver disease.

58. The meeting between the writer’s family and Tracy’s parents was arranged because _______.

A.   the writer and her husband wished to express their thanks to Tracy’s parents

B.  the local organ bank wanted to see how both families felt about the donation

C.  Tracy’s parents wanted to see someone whose life had been saved by the donation

D.   the two families were linked by the most bittersweet ties imaginable.

59. The writer and her husband learned how Tracy died _______.

       A. from his parents                                 B. from the organ bank

       C. from the hospital                         D. from the doctor who performed the operation

60. The meeting between the two families helped to relieve the Marshes’ suffering because _______.

A.  they saw that David looked very much like their son

B.   they saw that David had regained health with Tracy’s liver

C.   they now had someone to share their memories of Tracy

D.   they now knew for sure they had done the right thing.

B

1.2 million road deaths worldwide occur each year, plus a further 50 million injuries. To reduce car crash rate, much research now is focused on safety and new fuels---though some electric vehicle and biofuel research aims at going faster.

　　Travelling at speed has always been risky. One advanced area of research in motoring safety is the use of digital in-car assistants(车内辅助设施). They can ensure you don’t miss important road signs or fall asleep. The use of artificial intelligence software allows these assistants to monitor your driving and make sure your phone or radio doesn’t distract you at a vital moment. Most crashes result from human and not mechanical faults.

　　Some safety developments aim to improve your vision. Radar can find obstacles(障碍物) in fog, while other technology “sees through” big vehicles blocking your view.

　　And improvements to seat belts, pedal(制动踏板) controls and tyres(轮胎) are making driving smoother and safer. The color of a car has been found to be linked with safety, as have, less surprisingly, size and shape.

　　But whatever is in the fuel tank, you don’t want a thief in the driving seat and there have been many innovations(革新). Satellite tracking and remote communications can also come into play if you crash, automatically calling for help.

　　Accidents cause many traffic jams, but there are more subtle interplays(微妙的相互影响) between vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy road. Such jams can be analyzed using statistical tools. Robotic drivers could be programmed to make traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyone’s personal drivers, but their latest efforts suggest that won’t be soon.

61. What are researchers interested in doing as the road accidents worldwide increase to a shocking rate?

 A. They are developing faster electric vehicles.

 B. They are analyzing road deaths occurring worldwide every year

 C. They concentrate their research on safety and new fuels

 D. They are designing fully automatic cars

62. According to the second paragraph, most road accidents happen

 A. because drivers fall asleep.          B. because drives make mistakes.

 C. because of engine failure.           D. because of speeding.

63. Which of the safety development is NOT mentioned in the in the passage?

 A. Radars that can help drivers to see obstacles in fog.

 B. Devices that can help drivers to see through big vehicles.

 C. Improvements in seat belts, pedal controls and tyres.

  D. Windscreens that can help drivers to improve their vision.

64. What is NOT the purpose of innovations that use satellite tracking and remote communications?

  A. To prevent car thieves from getting into your car.

  B. To call for help when one’s car crashes.

  C. To call for help when the car gets jammed in the traffic.

  D. To track the car down when it is being stolen.

65. What is true of robotic drivers?

  A. It will take some time before robotic drivers can put to practical use.

  B. Robotic drivers are not allowed to drive on busy roads.

  C. Robotic drivers can never replace human drivers.

  D. Robotic drivers are too expensive to use.

                     C

Fran’s husband Tom had a habit of throwing his dirty socks into the laundry basket , but frequently missing by a few inches. It really frustrated Fran when she had to pick up his socks and place them in the basket. After learning the techniques of behavior modification(矫正)， Fran decided to stop nagging(唠叨) her husband and try positive reinforcement(加强). When he missed the basket, she said nothing and quietly picked up his socks. However, one day when his socks actually landed in the target, she quickly reinforced the appropriate behavior by saying, “ I really like it when you put your socks right inside the basket.” She followed this statement with a hug. Within a week, Tom was hitting the target every time, or picking up the socks by hand and placing them inside the basket whenever he missed. Consequently, an argument was avoided.

  There is an old saying that” you can catch more flies with honey than vinegar”, which is the principal behind behavior modification. Complaining to someone of doing something, whether it’s a partner or a child, often gets just the opposite response: resistance. But almost everyone respond to positive reinforcement and this approach to changing someone’s behavior takes a little patience and emotional control.

  Experts of behavior modification believe habits are learned because of reinforcement from the environment. This theory states that people will always do the behavior that results in the most favorable outcome. Even if in the doing, there are some negative effects. For instance，Fran may have learned from her mother that it really didn’t matter whether her husband’s socks landed in the basket or not. It is because she’d come along and pick them up for him. That was the favorable outcome but, if he only got negative messages from Fran for the same behavior, he didn’t have much motivation to abandon it.

  Of course for some people nothing will work, but it’s sure worth a try, for treating them with a hostile attitude probably won’t get you what you want , but it will get you a bad relationship with them.

 Positive reinforcement can be used with anyone, for any behavior, because all of us resist criticism and respond to praise. So, the next time you want someone to meet your wishes, try a little applause for the desired behavior.

66. Why does the author present Tom and Fran’s story at the beginning of the passage?

  A. To introduce the techniques of behavior modification.

  B. To show Tom is one of those needing behavior modification.

  C. To let the readers know this family.

  D. To list ways to get rid of bad habits.

67. Which of the following best fits the principle behind behavior modification?

  A. Taking no notice of one’s occasional good behavior.

  B. Praising one for his or her good deeds.

  C. Telling a child not to make the same mistakes again.

  D. Leaving a child alone when he or she does something wrong.

68. Which statement about a habit may the author agree with?

  A. Criticism contributes a lot to the formation of a bad habit.

  B. Most of our habits are formed in childhood.

  C. We can always get along with a person of good habits.

  D. A habit is usually reinforced by favorable outcome.

69. What can we learn from Paragraph 4?

  A. Positive reinforcement works on anyone.

  B. Positive reinforcement should be applied to anyone.

  C. By using positive reinforcement we don’t fail to get what we want

  D. By using positive reinforcement we can improving our relationship with anyone else.

70. The purpose of the passage is to tell us_____.

  A. how to bring out the best in others

  B. the way to get along with others

  C. what behavior modification is

  D. the training of behavior modification